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Hidrógeno electrolítico

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LUNAR WATER COLLECTION DEVICE

NºPublicación:  US2025354490A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
BLUE ORIGIN MFG LLC [US]
Blue Origin Manufacturing, LLC
US_2024035379_PA

Resumen de: US2025354490A1

Techniques and systems extract water from lunar regolith using microwave radiation and may also produce fuel from the extracted water. The system can distill the extracted water to remove impurities before electrolyzing the purified water into oxygen and hydrogen gases, which may then be cooled to form liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. A portion of the system may reside on a lunar landing module. Another portion of the system may be affixed to a robotic arm that is extendable from the lunar landing module. This portion of the system includes a water extraction unit, comprising a cone used as a cold trap. The cone may include cooling channels to keep the temperature of the smooth inner surface of the cone cold enough to trap particles of frost that attach to the inner surface. The frost is then scraped from the inner surface and collected.

A PIEZO PHOTOCATALYTIC PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM WATER

NºPublicación:  US2025353739A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
NEWSOUTH INNOVATIONS PTY LTD [AU]
NEWSOUTH INNOVATIONS PTY LIMITED
AU_2023277213_PA

Resumen de: US2025353739A1

The present invention is directed to piezo photocatalytic process for the production of hydrogen from water, wherein the process comprises the steps of: (a) providing non-metal-doped barium titanate which includes at least one defect; (b) contacting the non-metal-doped barium titanate provided in step (a) with water to form a mixture; and (c) subjecting the mixture formed in step (b) to: (i) actinic radiation; and (ii) mechanical force, to produce hydrogen from the water, as well as non-metal-doped barium titanate and methods of production thereof.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STABILIZING THE OPERATION OF FACILITIES USING HYDROGEN PRODUCED BY LOW CARBON SOURCES

NºPublicación:  US2025353737A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
PACHPANDE SUNIL NIVRUTTI [IN]
BALIGA SATISH BANTWAL [US]
FENG ZHENTAO [US]
YAMALIDOU EKATERINI [US]
KELLOGG BROWN & ROOT LLC [US]
Pachpande Sunil Nivrutti,
Baliga Satish Bantwal,
Feng Zhentao,
Yamalidou Ekaterini,
KELLOGG BROWN & ROOT LLC
WO_2025240177_PA

Resumen de: US2025353737A1

A system and a method for stabilizing hydrogen flow to a downstream process in a facility determining a hydrogen density and pressure profiles in the hydrogen storage unit for different target net hydrogen flows at different time intervals of a time horizon of a renewable power availability profile, determining an operating target net hydrogen flow of a hydrogen feed to the downstream process, determining a target direct hydrogen flow of a hydrogen feed and a target stored hydrogen flow of a hydrogen feed to the downstream process, and controlling the operation of the downstream process based on the operating target hydrogen flows.

DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS FOR ELECTROCHEMICALLY PURIFYING HYDROGEN

NºPublicación:  US2025352946A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
LUDLOW DARYL J [US]
Ludlow Daryl J
JP_2025530379_PA

Resumen de: US2025352946A1

Hydrogen gas purifier electrochemical cells, systems for purifying hydrogen gas, and methods for purifying hydrogen gas are provided. The cells, systems, and methods employ double membrane electrode (DMEA) electrochemical cells that enhance purification while avoiding the complexity and cost of conventional cells. The purity of the hydrogen gas produced by the cells, systems, and methods can be enhanced by removing at least some intermediate gas impurities from the cells. The purity of the hydrogen gas produced by the cells, systems, and methods can also be enhanced be introducing hydrogen gas to the cells to replenish any lost hydrogen. Water electrolyzing electrochemical cells and methods of electrolyzing water to produce hydrogen gas are also disclosed.

PRODUCTION OF NANOCHALCOGENIDES FOR USE IN ELECTROCATALYSIS

NºPublicación:  US2025353758A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
THE GOVERNING COUNCIL OF THE UNIV OF TORONTO [CA]
TOTALENERGIES ONETECH [FR]
THE GOVERNING COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO,
TOTALENERGIES ONETECH
US_2021162392_A1

Resumen de: US2025353758A1

The present description relates to metal alloy electrocatalysts, preferably composed of Ni and Co as transition metals and Se as a chalcogen. The electrocatalysts can take the form of nanochalcogenides that can be made using cryogenic milling followed by surfactant-assistant milling. The electrocatalysts can be used in the context of water electrolysis or electroreduction of CO2 gas into carbon based products.

WATER SEALED TANK

NºPublicación:  US2025352926A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
JOHN COCKERILL HYDROGEN BELGIUM [BE]
JOHN COCKERILL HYDROGEN BELGIUM
WO_2024115781_PA

Resumen de: US2025352926A1

A water sealed tank include a tank body and a heat conducting pipe. The tank body includes a gas-liquid inlet, a water outlet, and a gas outlet. The gas outlet is close to or located on a top portion of the tank body and communicates with the tank body. The water outlet is close to or located on a bottom portion of the tank body. The gas-liquid inlet communicates with the tank body and is used for feeding a gas-water mixture into the tank body, and a gas separated from the gas-water mixture inside the tank body is discharged from the gas outlet. At least a part of the heat conducting pipe is located inside the tank body, and used for a liquid to flow through, to allow the heat conducting pipe to exchange heat with water inside the tank body and heat the water inside the tank body.

NANOPARTICLES, USES THEREOF, AND A SYNTHESIS METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAID NANOPARTICLES

NºPublicación:  WO2025238301A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO [FI]
HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO
WO_2025238301_A1

Resumen de: WO2025238301A1

The present invention is providing a nanoparticle, preferably a nano-urchin particle, comprising plasmonic material and a catalytic metal, wherein said plasmonic material comprises tungsten oxide W18O49 and the catalytic metal is selected from a group consisting of: platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), and cobalt (Co), wherein the nanoparticle comprises 0.2 wt. % - 3.0 wt. % of said catalytic metal; and wherein said nanoparticle is capable of catalysing a hydrogen evolution reaction or an oxygen evolution reaction. The present invention is also providing a solvothermal method for producing a nanoparticle product comprising the steps of: a) dissolving a reagent comprising plasmonic material into a first solvent to obtain a first solution; b) adding to said first solution i) a reagent comprising a catalytic metal and ii) α-naphthol to obtain a second solution; c) subjecting said second solution to heat treatment at temperature of at least 150 °C, preferably at 180 °C; and d) collecting the nanoparticle product from the heat treated second solution, preferably by centrifugation.

HYDROGEN PROVIDING SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  WO2025239823A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
LUOSSAVAARA KIIRUNAVAARA AB [SE]
LUOSSAVAARA-KIIRUNAVAARA AB
WO_2025239823_PA

Resumen de: WO2025239823A1

A hydrogen providing system (1) for providing hydrogen to an ironworks plant (4) in a heavy industry site (3). The hydrogen providing system (1) comprises an electrical power control unit (5) connected to a main electrical line (2) providing alternating current, AC, power, an electrolyser (6) configured to produce hydrogen gas, at least one hydrogen storage tank (7) configured to store hydrogen gas, and a fuel mixer (8) in fluid communication with and configured to direct the flow of hydrogen between the electrolyser (6), the hydrogen storage tank (7), and the ironworks plant (4). The hydrogen providing system (1) also comprises an electrical mixer (9) connected to and configured to control the flow of current between an AC current power line (10) connected to the electric power control unit (5), which is configured to control the AC power to the AC current power line (10),a first direct current, DC, power line (11) connected to the electrolyser, and a second DC power line (12) connected to a solar power plant (13).

METHOD FOR PREPARING AN ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVATED ELECTRODE BASED ON FLUORINATED MOS2 FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION REACTIONS

NºPublicación:  WO2025237669A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
IFP ENERGIES NOW [FR]
IFP ENERGIES NOUVELLES
WO_2025237669_A1

Resumen de: WO2025237669A1

Disclosed is a method for preparing an electrochemically activated electrode for electrochemical reduction reactions, the electrode comprising at least one catalytic material based on at least one fluorinated group VIB metal, the method consisting in carrying out an oxidative electrochemical treatment on an electrode comprising at least one catalytic material based on at least one fluorinated group VIB metal.

ELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERSION UNIT, ESPECIALLY FOR THE USE OF ELECTRICITY WITH TIME-VARYING POWER FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN GAS

NºPublicación:  WO2025238387A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
SZARVAS TIBOR ZOLTAN [HU]
SZARVAS, Tibor Zolt\u00E1n
WO_2025238387_PA

Resumen de: WO2025238387A1

The subject of the invention relates to an electric energy conversion unit, especially for the use of electricity with time-varying power for the production of hydrogen gas, which has a current conducting piece (2) provided with an input gate (3) that may be connected to the electrical energy supply unit (4), at least one hydrogen gas production subunit (20) connected to the current conducting piece (2), and at least one hydrogen gas storage tank (30) connected to the hydrogen gas production subunit (20), where the hydrogen gas production subunit (20) has an electrolysing cell (21), and the gas output (21a) of the electrolysing cell (21) is connected to the input pipe (31)of the hydrogen gas storage tank (30), and the hydrogen gas storage tank (30) is provided with an unloading pipe (32). It is characteristic of the invention that an electric current regulation subunit (10) is fitted between the input gate (3) of the current conducting piece (2) and the hydrogen gas production subunit (20), where the electric current regulation subunit (10) has at least one transformer (11), a rectifier device (12) and a current intensity regulation device (13), and the current intensity regulation device (13) is interposed between the input gate (3) of the current conducting piece (2) and the input (11a) of the transformer (11), or between the output (11) of the transformer (11) and the input (12a) of the rectifier device (12), or between two transformers (11) in the case of several transfor

CATALYTIC COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF PREPARING THEREOF

NºPublicación:  WO2025239840A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
NATIONAL UNIV OF SINGAPORE [SG]
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
WO_2025239840_PA

Resumen de: WO2025239840A1

The invention provides a catalytic composition, the catalytic composition comprising copper oxide nanoparticles, carbon black, and a binder. The invention also provides a catalyst, an electrode and an electrolyser comprising the catalytic composition. In addition, the invention provides a method of preparing a catalytic composition, the method comprising (a) providing a binder in a solvent to provide a binder mixture; (b) incorporating carbon black into the binder mixture; (c) incorporating copper oxide nanoparticles into the binder mixture; and (d) stirring the mixture to form a composite material of the binder, carbon black, and copper oxide nanoparticles. The invention also provides a method of producing hydrogen comprising contacting an aqueous electrolyte with the catalytic composition, the catalyst, or the electrode, and applying a voltage sufficient to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STABILIZING THE OPERATION OF FACILITIES USING HYDROGEN PRODUCED BY LOW CARBON SOURCES

NºPublicación:  WO2025240177A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
KELLOGG BROWN & ROOT LLC [US]
KELLOGG BROWN & ROOT LLC
WO_2025240177_PA

Resumen de: WO2025240177A1

A system and a method for stabilizing hydrogen flow to a downstream process in a facility determining a hydrogen density and pressure profiles in the hydrogen storage unit for different target net hydrogen flows at different time intervals of a time horizon of a renewable power availability profile, determining an operating target net hydrogen flow of a hydrogen feed to the downstream process, determining a target direct hydrogen flow of a hydrogen feed and a target stored hydrogen flow of a hydrogen feed to the downstream process, and controlling the operation of the downstream process based on the operating target hydrogen flows.

PEROVSKITE PHOTOELECTRODE AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL WATER SPLITTING SYSTEM USING SAME

NºPublicación:  WO2025239623A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
UNIST ULSAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECH [KR]
\uC6B8\uC0B0\uACFC\uD559\uAE30\uC220\uC6D0
WO_2025239623_PA

Resumen de: WO2025239623A1

The present invention relates to a photoelectrode and a photoelectrochemical water splitting system using same, and more specifically, to a photoelectrode in which a lower electrode, an electron transport layer including SnO2, a light absorption layer including FAPbI3, a hole transport layer, an upper electrode, and a Ni passivation thin film layer are sequentially stacked and can operate when immersed in water, and an efficient and stable large-area water splitting system capable of splitting water and producing hydrogen without an external voltage by using the photoelectrode.

INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR PREPARING HYDROGEN AND A DEHYDROGENATED PRODUCT FROM AN ALCOHOL

NºPublicación:  WO2025238525A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
TERNARY KINETICS LTD [NZ]
TERNARY KINETICS LIMITED
WO_2025238525_PA

Resumen de: WO2025238525A1

The invention provides an integrated system for preparing a dehydrogenated product from an alcohol, the integrated system comprising a heat integration system for heat transfer from at least one heat source to the at least one heat sink. The at least one heat sink includes a feed stream comprising an alcohol and/or an electrolyser system having an electrochemical cell configured for carrying out a partial dehydrogenation process to produce a product stream comprising hydrogen and a co-product stream comprising a dehydrogenated product from the alcohol of the feed stream and/or an infrastructure for handling and/or storing the co- product stream. The at least one heat source includes a hydrogen fuel cell for generating electricity from the product stream of the electrolyser system, wherein operation of the hydrogen fuel cell generates heat, and/or the electrolyser system, wherein the electrolyser system is configured to operate the electrochemical cell so as to generate heat.

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS AND APPARATUS

NºPublicación:  WO2025238527A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
TERNARY KINETICS LTD [NZ]
TERNARY KINETICS LIMITED
WO_2025238527_PA

Resumen de: WO2025238527A1

An electrochemical process and apparatus for generating electricity from an alcohol. Electricity is generated in a hydrogen fuel cell utilising hydrogen produced by partial dehydrogenation of the alcohol in an electrolyser.

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN

NºPublicación:  WO2025238524A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
TERNARY KINETICS LTD [NZ]
TERNARY KINETICS LIMITED
WO_2025238524_PA

Resumen de: WO2025238524A1

An electrochemical process and apparatus for producing hydrogen and a dehydrogenated product from partial oxidation of an alcohol. The hydrogen may be utilised in a hydrogen fuel cell to generated electricity, e.g., to power a vehicle.

COMPOSITE FOR ELECTROCATALYSIS AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF

NºPublicación:  US2025354279A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
HYDROLYZER DOO [RS]
Hydrolyzer DOO
EP_4650493_A1

Resumen de: US2025354279A1

The present invention relates to a method of preparing a composite material, in particular one useful as a catalyst in an electrolytic hydrogen evolution reaction and/or the oxygen evolution reaction and/or urea oxidation-assisted water electrolysis. Provided is a method of preparing a composite material, the method comprising the steps of:(i) electrochemically depositing material onto a substrate from a deposition solution comprising a nickel (II) salt and graphene oxide, to obtain a nickel-reduced graphene oxide composite material comprising nickel dispersed on reduced graphene oxide, said composite material being deposited on the substrate;(ii) after step (i), placing the substrate, having the nickel-reduced graphene oxide composite deposited thereon, in an alkaline solution along with a counter electrode; and(iii) after step (ii), partially electrochemically oxidising the nickel, to obtain a partially oxidised nickel-reduced graphene oxide composite material comprising partially oxidised nickel dispersed on reduced graphene oxide, said composite material being deposited on the substrate.The composite of the invention demonstrates high catalytic activity for electrolytic hydrogen production under alkaline water electrolysis conditions (for example, a hydrogen evolution current of up to 500 mA cm−2 at −1.35 V against a Reversible Hydrogen Electrode). High activity is demonstrated even when the substrate (on which the composite is deposited) does not contain any, or at m

CARBON CAPTURE WITH MOLTEN CARBONATE ELECTROLYSIS CELL

NºPublicación:  US2025354275A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
EXXONMOBIL TECH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY [US]
EXXONMOBIL TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING COMPANY

Resumen de: US2025354275A1

Systems and methods are provided for integration of molten carbonate electrolysis cells in applications for hydrogen production and for operating turbines using oxycombustion. In some aspects, the unusual output flows from an MCEC (or more typically a plurality of MCECs) can be synergistically used in combination with reverse flow reactors and/or partial oxidation units to allow for hydrogen production while also performing carbon capture. In other embodiments, the anode output from an MCEC (or a plurality of MCECs) can be used as the oxygen-containing gas for a combustion turbine or a furnace.

HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN DEPLETING SYSTEM WITHIN A WATER ELECTROLYSIS INSTALLATION AND RELATED PROCESS

NºPublicación:  US2025354283A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
TOTALENERGIES ONETECH [FR]
TotalEnergies OneTech
CN_120967379_PA

Resumen de: US2025354283A1

A water electrolysis installation includes a dioxygen separator configured to separate a mixture of electrolyte and dioxygen and to obtain an electrolyte with dissolved dioxygen; a dihydrogen separator to separate a mixture of electrolyte and dihydrogen and to obtain an electrolyte with dissolved dihydrogen; a recombination zone configured to receive the electrolytes to produce, at a mixing region, a mixed electrolyte stream. The installation includes a dihydrogen and/or dioxygen depleting system, including a catalyst configured to react dioxygen and dihydrogen dissolved in the mixed electrolyte stream, to produce a treated electrolyte stream with reduced dioxygen and dihydrogen. The depleting system is positioned in contact with the mixed electrolyte stream downstream of the mixing region and upstream of the inlet of the electrochemical stack device.

Framing Structure For An Electrolyser

NºPublicación:  US2025354276A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
VIERING JENTSCHURA & PARTNER MBB PATENT UND RECHTSANWAELTE [DE]
Viering, Jentschura & Partner mbB Patent- und Rechtsanw\u00E4lte
CA_3247505_A1

Resumen de: US2025354276A1

The present invention relates to a framing structure for an electrolyser subject to internal pressure, able to withstand corrosive environments and radial pressure forces. The present invention also relates to an electrolytic cell and electrolyser equipped with said framing structure, as well as its use in high-pressure water electrolysis applications.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INCREASING HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN ELECTROLYZERS

NºPublicación:  US2025354280A1 20/11/2025
Solicitante: 
T C ERCIYES UNIV [TR]
T.C. ERCIYES UNIVERSITESI
JP_2025520258_PA

Resumen de: US2025354280A1

Polymer electrolysis membrane (PEM) or alkali electrolyzers are provided. The PEM or alkali electrolyzers have a compact structure that produces high-purity hydrogen and a device and method for increasing the hydrogen production efficiency of these devices. An electrolyzer control circuit includes: an electrolysis cell, a mosfet, a square wave oscillator integration, a potentiometer, a mosfet driver integration, a first resistance, a second resistance, a first adjustable direct current power supply, a second adjustable direct current power supply, and an oscilloscope.

ELECTROLYSIS CELL SYSTEM AND ELECTROLYSIS CELL SYSTEM OPERATION METHOD

NºPublicación:  EP4650491A1 19/11/2025
Solicitante: 
MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD [JP]
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd
EP_4650491_PA

Resumen de: EP4650491A1

Provided is an electrolysis cell system with energy efficiency improved. An electrolysis cell system (10) includes: an electrolysis cell (11) that has an anode and a cathode and generates hydrogen on the cathode and oxygen on the anode by electrolyzing steam supplied to the cathode; a supply line (20) that supplies air that controls the temperature of the electrolysis cell (11), to the electrolysis cell (11); an exhaust line (30) through which the air exhausted from the electrolysis cell (11) flows; a circulation line (40) that guides the air exhausted to the exhaust line (30), to the supply line (20); and a supply air temperature control heat exchanger (28) that controls the temperature of the air to be supplied to the electrolysis cell (11).

ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM AND CONTROL METHOD FOR ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  EP4650492A1 19/11/2025
Solicitante: 
MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD [JP]
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd
EP_4650492_PA

Resumen de: EP4650492A1

Provided is an electrolysis system (100) including an electrolysis module (10); a water vapor supply system (40) that supplies water vapor to a hydrogen electrode; a hydrogen recovery system (50) that recovers hydrogen-enriched water vapor; an air supply system (20) that supplies air to an oxygen electrode; an oxygen recovery system (30) that recovers exhaust air; a hydrogen-enriched water vapor release system (60) that releases hydrogen-enriched water vapor from the hydrogen recovery system (50) into the atmosphere; an exhaust air release system (70) that releases exhaust air from the oxygen recovery system (30) into the atmosphere; a hydrogen-enriched water vapor discharge valve (63) disposed in the hydrogen-enriched water vapor discharge system (60); and an exhaust air discharge valve (73) disposed in the exhaust air discharge system (70), wherein the opening degrees of the hydrogen-enriched water vapor discharge valve (63) and the exhaust air discharge valve (73) are controlled to be adjustable when the electrolytic module (10) is stopped.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STABILIZING THE OPERATION OF FACILITIES USING HYDROGEN PRODUCED BY LOW CARBON SOURCES

NºPublicación:  EP4650904A1 19/11/2025
Solicitante: 
KELLOGG BROWN & ROOT LLC [US]
Kellogg Brown & Root LLC
EP_4650904_PA

Resumen de: EP4650904A1

A system and a method for stabilizing hydrogen flow to a downstream process in a facility determining a hydrogen density and pressure profiles in the hydrogen storage unit for different target net hydrogen flows at different time intervals of a time horizon of a renewable power availability profile, determining an operating target net hydrogen flow of a hydrogen feed to the downstream process, determining a target direct hydrogen flow of a hydrogen feed and a target stored hydrogen flow of a hydrogen feed to the downstream process, and controlling the operation of the downstream process based on the operating target hydrogen flows.

COMPOSITE FOR ELECTROCATALYSIS AND PREPARATION METHOD THEROF

Nº publicación: EP4650493A1 19/11/2025

Solicitante:

HYDROLYZER DOO [RS]
Hydrolyzer DOO

EP_4650493_A1

Resumen de: EP4650493A1

The present invention relates to a method of preparing a composite material, in particular one useful as a catalyst in an electrolytic hydrogen evolution reaction and/or the oxygen evolution reaction and/or urea oxidation-assisted water electrolysis. Provided is a method of preparing a composite material, the method comprising the steps of:(i) electrochemically depositing material onto a substrate from a deposition solution comprising a nickel (II) salt and graphene oxide, to obtain a nickel-reduced graphene oxide composite material comprising nickel dispersed on reduced graphene oxide, said composite material being deposited on the substrate;(ii) after step (i), placing the substrate, having the nickel-reduced graphene oxide composite deposited thereon, in an alkaline solution along with a counter electrode; and(iii) after step (ii), partially electrochemically oxidising the nickel, to obtain a partially oxidised nickel-reduced graphene oxide composite material comprising partially oxidised nickel dispersed on reduced graphene oxide, said composite material being deposited on the substrate.The composite of the invention demonstrates high catalytic activity for electrolytic hydrogen production under alkaline water electrolysis conditions (for example, a hydrogen evolution current of up to 500 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> at -1.35 V against a Reversible Hydrogen Electrode). High activity is demonstrated even when the substrate (on which the composite is deposited) does not c

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