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HYDROGEN CARRIER MANUFACTURING SYSTEM, CONTROL APPARATUS, AND HYDROGEN CARRIER MANUFACTURING METHOD

NºPublicación:  US20260233991A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
ENEOS CORP [JP]
ENEOS Corporation
US_20260233991_A1

Resumen de: US20260233991A1

0000 A hydrogen carrier manufacturing system includes a hydrogen manufacturing device configured to manufacture hydrogen by using power; a hydrogen tank configured to store the hydrogen manufactured by the hydrogen manufacturing device; and a plurality of hydrogen carrier manufacturing devices configured to convert the hydrogen stored in the hydrogen tank into different types of hydrogen carriers.

ARRANGEMENT FOR GAS-LIQUID SEPARATION AND USE THEREOF

NºPublicación:  US20260234823A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
SIEMENS ENERGY GLOBAL GMBH & CO KG [DE]
Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG
US_20260234823_A1

Resumen de: US20260234823A1

An arrangement for gas-liquid separation includes first and second gas separators for first and second gases, each having one vessel. The vessels have either the same or a different vessel volume, are in hydraulic communicating connection for a liquid via a connecting conduit and are at the same height. The operational configuration is such that a predefined standard fill level of the liquid is established when the pressure in the vessels is equal, and so a liquid volume is provided at the standard fill level, the vessel volume is composed of the liquid volume and the corresponding gas volume, and the liquid volume in the vessels is greater than the corresponding gas volume. A method of operating an electrolyzer, in particular in safe operation of an electrolysis plant with an electrolyzer for alkaline electrolysis, and an electrolysis plant, are also provided.

ELECTROLYSIS CELL SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR OPERATING THE SAME

NºPublicación:  US20260234821A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD [JP]
MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD
US_20260234821_A1

Resumen de: US20260234821A1

Provided is an electrolysis cell system with energy efficiency improved. An electrolysis cell system (10) includes: an electrolysis cell (11) that has an anode and a cathode and generates hydrogen on the cathode and oxygen on the anode by electrolyzing steam supplied to the cathode; a supply line (20) that supplies air that controls the temperature of the electrolysis cell (11), to the electrolysis cell (11); an exhaust line (30) through which the air exhausted from the electrolysis cell (11) flows; a circulation line (40) that guides the air exhausted to the exhaust line (30), to the supply line (20); and a supply air temperature control heat exchanger (28) that controls the temperature of the air to be supplied to the electrolysis cell (11).

SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING COMPRESSED HYDROGEN

NºPublicación:  US20260234824A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
CERES INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CO LIMITED [GB]
CERES INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY COMPANY LIMITED
US_20260234824_A1

Resumen de: US20260234824A1

An electrolyser system (10) and a method of operating an electrolyser system (10), the electrolyser system (10) comprising an electrolyser (16) and a metal hydride or adsorption-desorption compressor (24), wherein the electrolyser (16) has at least one electrolyser cell with a steam input (22) and at least one gas output. The method comprises supplying steam through a first side of the electrolyser cell at the steam input (22), operating the electrolyser (16) to split part of the steam into hydrogen and oxygen in the at least one electrolyser cell, venting a mixture of the hydrogen and the remaining steam from the first side of the electrolyser cell at the at least one gas output (18), passing the mixture into the metal hydride or adsorption-desorption compressor (24), and cryo-adsorbing the hydrogen of the mixture in the metal hydride or adsorption-desorption compressor (24) to compress the hydrogen and desorbing the compressed hydrogen from the metal hydride or adsorption-desorption compressor (24). The electrolyser system (10) is connected

PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING OXIDES

NºPublicación:  US20260234016A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
EVONIK OPERATIONS GMBH [DE]
Evonik Operations GmbH
US_20260234016_A1

Resumen de: US20260234016A1

The present invention relates to a pyrogenic process for manufacturing metal oxides or metalloid oxides wherein a metal precursor and/or a metalloid precursor is introduced into a flame formed by burning a gas mixture comprising oxygen and hydrogen, wherein at least a part of the hydrogen has been obtained from electrolysis of water or an aqueous solution, using electrical energy, at least a part of which has been obtained from a renewable energy source, and wherein at least a part of the thermal energy of the flame is transferred to a first heat transmission medium by means of at least one exchanger, thereby heating the first heat transmission medium to a maximal temperature in the range between 8° and 150° C.

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FACILITY AND METHOD

NºPublicación:  AU2025215031A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
TECHNIP ENERGIES FRANCE
RELY S A
TECHNIP ENERGIES FRANCE
RELY S.A.
AU_2025215031_PA

Resumen de: AU2025215031A1

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a hydrogen production facility. The hydrogen production facility includes one or more electrolyser stacks to electrolyze water using an electrolyte and generate a hydrogen-aqueous solution mixture and an oxygen-aqueous solution mixture, the one or more electrolyser stacks comprising a plurality of membranes. The facility also includes a hydrogen separator to produce a flow of hydrogen from the hydrogen-aqueous solution mixture and an oxygen separator to produce a flow of oxygen from the oxygen-aqueous solution mixture. The hydrogen separator comprises a hydrogen gas-liquid separation device and a hydrogen coalescing device. The oxygen separator comprises an oxygen gas-liquid separation device and an oxygen coalescing device.

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FACILITY AND METHOD

NºPublicación:  AU2025215475A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
RELY S A
JOHN COCKERILL HYDROGEN BELGIUM SA
TECHNIP ENERGIES FRANCE
RELY S.A.
JOHN COCKERILL HYDROGEN BELGIUM SA
TECHNIP ENERGIES FRANCE
AU_2025215475_PA

Resumen de: AU2025215475A1

A hydrogen production facility is disclosed, comprising a plurality of electrolyser stacks arranged for electrolyzing water using an electrolyte and for generating at least a hydrogen-aqueous solution mixture; and a hydrogen separator arrangement for producing a flow of hydrogen from the hydrogen-aqueous solution mixture; wherein the hydrogen separator arrangement comprises a plurality of first stage hydrogen collector separators, the first stage hydrogen collector separators being fluidly coupled to a respective sub-set of the plurality of electrolyser stacks; and wherein the plurality of first stage hydrogen collector separators are fluidly coupled to a downstream hydrogen buffer vessel. A related method is further disclosed.

POROUS WATER-SPLITTING ELECTRODE BASED ON SUPPORT COATED WITH CARBON NANONUBE ASSEMBLY, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME, AND WATER ELECTROLYSIS DEVICE INCLUDING SAME

NºPublicación:  US20260234815A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
KOREA UNIV RESEARCH AND BUSINESS FOUNDATION [KR]
KOREA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND BUSINESS FOUNDATION
US_20260234815_A1

Resumen de: US20260234815A1

0000 The present invention relates to a porous water-splitting electrode including a support coated with a carbon nanotube assembly and a catalytic active layer formed on the coated support; a method of manufacturing the same; and a water electrolysis device including the same.

INTEGRATED PROCESSES FOR UTILIZING SYNTHESIZED AND STORED METHANOL

NºPublicación:  US20260234085A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
BP P L C [GB]
BP P.L.C.
US_20260234085_A1

Resumen de: US20260234085A1

The present disclosure relates generally to integrated processes for the production, storage, and use of methanol. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a process for producing a H2/CO stream, the process comprising for a first period of time, synthesizing methanol by hydrogenation of CO2, and decomposing a second feed stream including the methanol to form CO and H2; and for a second period of time, decomposing a third feed stream comprising stored methanol to form CO and H2. A synthesized methanol fraction of the second feed stream is substantially greater than a synthesized methanol fraction of the third feed stream.

PREPARATION OF PHOSPHATE-MODIFIED CARBON QUANTUM DOT NICKEL-BASED CATALYST AND USE THEREOF IN ALKALINE SEAWATER ELECTROLYSIS

NºPublicación:  WO2026166566A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
HAINAN NORMAL UNIV [CN]
\u6D77\u5357\u5E08\u8303\u5927\u5B66
CN_120945427_PA

Resumen de: WO2026166566A1

Preparation of phosphate-modified carbon quantum dot nickel-based catalyst and use thereof in alkaline seawater electrolysis, belonging to the technical fields of electrocatalysis and hydrogen production by seawater electrolysis. The method of preparing the present phosphate-modified carbon quantum dot nickel-based catalyst comprises the following steps: mixing citric acid and urea in water to obtain a carbon quantum dot precursor solution; and mixing the carbon quantum dot precursor solution, phytic acid, and a nickel substrate, then allowing for the reaction thereof so as to obtain the phosphate-modified carbon quantum dot nickel-based catalyst. In the present invention, a phosphate-modified carbon quantum dot nickel-based catalyst is designed by introducing a composite modification layer of carbon quantum dots and phosphate onto the surface of a nickel substrate. The synergistic effect of PO4 groups and CDs in the catalyst markedly improves OER activity, thereby allowing the catalyst to exhibit excellent oxygen evolution reaction activity and long-term stability in alkaline seawater containing Br- and Cl-.

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  AU2024424555A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD
MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD.
AU_2024424555_PA

Resumen de: AU2024424555A1

Provided is a hydrogen production system (100) which comprises: an electrolysis module (19) that supplies steam to a hydrogen electrode and produces hydrogen through steam electrolysis; a steam supply unit (20) that supplies steam to a hydrogen electrode (11); an air supply unit (70) that supplies air to an oxygen electrode (12); a hydrogen supply pipe (43) that supplies hydrogen to the oxygen electrode (12); a power supply unit (18) that supplies power to the electrolysis module (19); and a control device (80) that controls the hydrogen production system (100). The control device (80) controls the power supply unit (18) so as to start supplying power to the electrolysis module (19) in response to the temperature of the electrolysis module (19) exceeding Temp4 that is lower than the ignition temperature of hydrogen.

RADIATOR AND HYDROGEN GENERATOR WITH HEAT DISSIPATION FUNCTION

NºPublicación:  US20260235369A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
SHANGHAI ASCLEPIUS MEDITEC CO LTD [CN]
Shanghai Asclepius Meditec Co., Ltd.
US_20260235369_A1

Resumen de: US20260235369A1

A radiator includes a base, a tubular structure, a plurality of fins and a spiral structure. The base has a water input port and a water output port. The tubular structure is coupled to the base and is further connected with the water input port and the water output port. A spiral structure is arranged inside the tubular structure, or the inner surface of the tubular structure has a delay structure formed by a plurality of bumps for improving heat dissipation efficiency of water. The tubular structure runs through the plurality of fins. In addition, the radiator of the present invention is applied to a hydrogen generator. The base of the radiator is directly and integrally formed with the upper cover of the water tank of the hydrogen generator, and the assembly can be completed only by coupling the base to the tube, thereby reducing the assembly process.

APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND RELATED PROCESS

NºPublicación:  WO2026167518A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
POLITECNICO DI MILANO [IT]
POLITECNICO DI MILANO

Resumen de: WO2026167518A1

Apparatus (100) for the production of hydrogen by means of electrolysis of water, comprising a central body (120) consisting of a refractory chamber and comprising: a first zone (101) comprising a burner; a second zone (102) directly connected with the first zone (101) and arranged downstream of the latter, provided with devices (111) for controlling the temperature of the combusted gas exiting from said first zone and for regulating and delivering a coolant; and a third zone (103), directly connected with the second zone (102), comprising a high-temperature solid oxide electrolytic cell (SOEC), said apparatus (100) further comprising: upstream of the central body (120) at least one supply line (104), (105) and (106) for respectively supplying at least one fuel; oxygen and a diluent, and directly connected with the third zone (103) of the central body: an outlet line (107), and (108) for hydrogen and any carbonaceous combusted gases; and oxygen.

FUEL CELL - ELECTROLYZER OR REVERSIBLE FUEL CELL SYSTEM AND METHODS OF OPERATING THEREOF WITH A REDUCED CARBON FOOTPRINT

NºPublicación:  US20260237702A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
BLOOM ENERGY CORP [US]
BLOOM ENERGY CORPORATION
US_20260237702_A1

Resumen de: US20260237702A1

0000 A power generation system includes an electrolyzer system configured to generate hydrogen using power received from a power grid, a hydrogen storage device configured to store generated hydrogen, a fuel cell system configured to generate power for a load using at least one of hydrogen received directly from the electrolyzer system, hydrogen received from the hydrogen storage device, or a hydrocarbon fuel received from a hydrocarbon fuel supply, and a controller configured to determine a CO<2 >per kWh power grid emission rate (GER) of a power grid electrically connected to the power system, and control operation of the fuel cell system and the electrolyzer system based on a comparison between the GER, a CO<2 >per kWh hydrocarbon fuel (e.g., natural gas) emission rate of the fuel cell system (NER), and a CO<2 >per kWh target emission rate (TER) that is less than the NER.

ELECTROCHEMICAL TWIN REACTOR

NºPublicación:  WO2026167416A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
RHEINISCHE FRIEDRICH WILHELMS UNIV BONN [DE]
RHEINISCHE FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSIT\u00C4T BONN

Resumen de: WO2026167416A1

The underlying invention is related to a device and a process for the direct production of an energy storing fluid from a reactant and an electrolyte in an electrochemical twin reactor, comprising a first reactor part which has at least one anode and an electrolyte for dissolving the reactant and a second reactor part which is comprising at least one further anode and a further electrolyte as a hydrogen source.

PROCESS FOR PREPARING METHANOL

NºPublicación:  WO2026167020A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
ROSENXT HOLDING AG [CH]
ROSENXT HOLDING AG

Resumen de: WO2026167020A1

The invention relates to a method for preparing methanol, comprising the method steps of: a) acidifying seawater and heating same to at least 45°C, b) removing oxygen from the gas mixture obtained in step a) while preserving carbon dioxide, c) distilling some of the low-carbon-dioxide seawater remaining in step a) to obtain distilled water and brine, d) electrolysing the distilled water, e) obtaining acid and an alkaline residue from the brine, f) using the acid obtained in step e) to acidify the seawater in step a), g) recovering at least some of the waste heat produced in steps b) to e) and using same for heating the seawater in step a), h) synthesising methanol from the hydrogen from step d) and the carbon dioxide from step b) and separating the methanol from the product mixture.

KATALYSATORBESCHICHTETE MEMBRAN UND WASSERELEKTROLYSEZELLE

NºPublicación:  DE102025105318A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
GREENERITY GMBH [DE]
Greenerity GmbH
DE_102025105318_PA

Resumen de: DE102025105318A1

Die Erfindung betrifft eine katalysatorbeschichtete Membran (100) mit einer Kathode (5a), einer Anode (5b) und einer zwischen der Kathode (5a) und der Anode (5b) liegenden lonomermembran (2), zur Anwendung in der Wasserelektrolyse, wobei die lonomermembran (2) eine erste Oberfläche (2a) und eine zweite Oberfläche (2b) aufweist und die erste Oberfläche (2a) eine erste aktive Fläche (3a) und die zweite Oberfläche (2b) eine zweite aktive Fläche (3b) aufweist, wobei die erste aktive Fläche (3a) und die zweite aktive Fläche (3b) jeweils mit einer Katalysatorschicht beschichtet sind; wobei die erste aktive Fläche (3a) von einer ersten passiven Fläche (4a) und die zweite aktive Fläche (3b) von einer zweiten passiven Fläche (4b) umgeben ist; die katalysatorbeschichtete Membran (100) ferner umfassend eine Folie (12), die einen Außenumfang (11) der lonomermembran (2) umgibt ohne mit der lonomermembran (2) zu überlappen, wobeia) wenn eine Schichtdicke der Folie (12) größer ist als eine Schichtdicke der lonomermembran (2), ein Unterschied der Schichtdicke der Folie (12) und der Schichtdicke der lonomermembran (2) in Schichtdickenrichtung (Z), senkrecht zur Schichtausdehnungsrichtung (XY), weniger als 50 µm, bevorzugt weniger als 30 µm, weiter bevorzugt weniger als 20 µm, noch weiter bevorzugt weniger als 10 µm und am meisten bevorzugt weniger als 5 µm beträgt undb) wenn die Schichtdicke der lonomermembran (2) größer ist als die Schichtdicke der Folie (12), ein Unt

WATER ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM AND SYNTHETIC COMPOUND PRODUCTION SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  WO2026168071A1 13/08/2026
Solicitante: 
TOKYO GAS CO LTD [JP]
\u6771\u4EAC\u74E6\u65AF\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E
WO_2026168071_A1

Resumen de: WO2026168071A1

This water electrolysis system comprises: a water separation tank that is connected to a water electrolysis cell stack and that stores water discharged therefrom; an external water supply path that supplies normal-temperature external water; a water circulation path that is provided with a water circulation pump, that is connected to the water separation tank and the external water supply path, and that circulates the water in the water separation tank via the external water supply path; an ion exchange resin provided on the downstream side of a part where the external water supply path merges with the water circulation path; a cooling unit that cools the water in the water circulation path so that the temperature of the water that merges with the external water and flows into the ion exchange resin, and has a temperature higher than normal temperature, falls below a prescribed ion exchange resin upper limit temperature; and a water supply path that serves as a path separate from the water circulation path, said water supply path being provided with a water supply pump, heating the water from the water separation tank through use of a heating unit, and supplying the heated water to the water electrolysis cell stack.

ZERO-CARBON GLASS KILN PROCESS

NºPublicación:  EP4790030A1 12/08/2026
Solicitante: 
SHANGHAI YUANHAN ENERGY & CHEMICAL TECH CO LTD [CN]
Shanghai Yuanhan Energy & Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.
EP_4790030_PA

Resumen de: EP4790030A1

Provided is a zero-carbon glass furnace process, a system required for the process includes a photovoltaic power generation unit, an air separation unit, a water electrolysis hydrogen production unit, a mixer, a methanation unit, a first waste heat boiler, a reforming unit, a glass furnace, a second waste heat boiler, and a dedusting and desulfurization unit. The present disclosure adopts green electricity to produce green oxygen, green nitrogen and green hydrogen; flue gas of the glass furnace is circularly enriched into a high concentration of carbon dioxide (95.0v% or higher), which is methanized with green hydrogen to produce methane, and the methane is reformed with carbon dioxide and water vapor to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen; the carbon monoxide and hydrogen are used as fuel of the glass furnace, the oxygen and carbon dioxide are mixed into carbon-based enriched oxygen as a combustion aid of the glass furnace, and the excess carbon dioxide is sold externally, achieving the purpose of green, energy-saving, almost nitrogen oxide-free and zero carbon.

水電解槽用の膜電極接合体

NºPublicación:  JP2026527158A 12/08/2026
Solicitante: 
ジョンソンマッセイハイドロジェンテクノロジーズリミテッド
JP_2026527158_A

Resumen de: WO2025037092A1

A membrane-electrode assembly for a water electrolyser is provided. The membrane- electrode assembly comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane with a first face and a second face; an anode catalyst layer on the first face of the membrane, the anode catalyst layer comprising an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst; and a porous web of polymer fibres in contact with the anode catalyst layer, the polymer fibres comprising a conductive metal additive.

MULTILAYER RESIN PIPE, WATER ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM, AND HYDROGEN TRANSFER METHOD

NºPublicación:  EP4790295A1 12/08/2026
Solicitante: 
HITACHI LTD [JP]
Hitachi, Ltd.
EP_4790295_PA

Resumen de: EP4790295A1

0001 Provided is a multilayer resin pipe suitable for use in a water electrolysis system operating at high voltage, a water electrolysis system including the multilayer resin pipe, and a method of transporting hydrogen using the multilayer resin pipe. The multilayer resin pipe includes an electrically insulating main pipe, an electrically insulating pressure-resistant layer covering an outer surface of the main pipe, an electrically insulating gas barrier layer covering an inner surface of the main pipe, and an electrically insulating elution-suppressing layer covering an inner surface of the gas barrier layer.

METHOD FOR CONTROLLING WATER ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM, AND WATER ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  EP4790170A1 12/08/2026
Solicitante: 
HITACHI LTD [JP]
Hitachi, Ltd.
EP_4790170_PA

Resumen de: EP4790170A1

A control device includes a step of determining a current command value to be applied to an electrolysis stack; and a step of determining a pure water adjustment amount command value for adjusting a pressure or/and a flow rate of water to be supplied to the electrolysis stack based on the current command value, and includes a step A of causing an actually measured value of the pressure or/and the flow rate to reach a second pure water adjustment amount command value (pure water adjustment amount command value w2) from a first pure water adjustment amount command value (pure water adjustment amount command value w1) before an actually measured value of a current applied from a power converter to the electrolysis stack reaches a second current command value (current command value c2) from a first current command value (current command value c1) when the current command value is changed from the first current command value to the second current command value that is a different value and the pure water adjustment amount command value is changed from the first pure water adjustment amount command value to the second pure water adjustment amount command value that is a different value.

TIGHTENING APPARATUS, ELECTROLYSER, METHOD OF CLOSING/OPENING ADJACENT ELECTROLYSIS CELLS, METHOD OF RETROACTIVELY APPLYING TIGHTENING APPARATUS

NºPublicación:  EP4788853A1 12/08/2026
Solicitante: 
THYSSENKRUPP NUCERA AG & CO KGAA [DE]
TOSOH CORP [JP]
thyssenkrupp nucera AG & Co. KGaA
Tosoh Corporation
EP_4534726_PA

Resumen de: EP4534726A1

0001 The present invention relates to a tightening apparatus for selectively opening and closing respective adjacent electrolysis cells in an electrolyser. The tightening apparatus comprises: a movable member moveable in a first direction and a second direction, the first direction being a direction in which the cells are closed each other and the second direction being an opposite direction to the first direction; at least one main actuator configured to move the movable member selectively in the first and second directions; a pressure plate arranged on the first direction side with respect to the movable member; and a sub-actuator configured to move the pressure plate selectively in the first and second directions with respect to the moveable member.

TIGHTENING APPARATUS, ELECTROLYSER, METHOD OF CLOSING/OPENING ADJACENT ELECTROLYSIS CELLS, METHOD OF RETROACTIVELY APPLYING TIGHTENING APPARATUS

NºPublicación:  EP4788852A1 12/08/2026
Solicitante: 
THYSSENKRUPP NUCERA AG & CO KGAA [DE]
TOSOH CORP [JP]
thyssenkrupp nucera AG & Co. KGaA
Tosoh Corporation
EP_4534727_PA

Resumen de: EP4534727A1

The present invention relates to a tightening apparatus for selectively opening and closing respective adjacent electrolysis cells in an electrolyser. The tightening apparatus comprises: a movable member moveable in a first direction and a second direction, the first direction being a direction in which the cells are to be closed each other and the second direction being an opposite direction to the first direction; at least one actuator configured to move the movable member selectively in the first and second directions; a pressure plate arranged on the first direction side with respect to the movable member; and a spacer arranged between the pressure plate and the movable member.

Method and apparatus for producing hydrogen from an ammonia feedstock

Nº publicación: GB2703723A 12/08/2026

Solicitante:

CRANFIELD UNIV [GB]
Cranfield University

WO_2026099584_A1

Resumen de: GB2703723A

A method of producing hydrogen may comprise, receiving an ammonia fuel source and an oxidised first form of a metal oxide at a first reactor 11, and reacting to produce a second form of the metal oxide. The second form of the metal oxide may be transferred to a second reactor 12 and reacted with a water supply to form hydrogen and a third form of the metal oxide. The third form the metal oxide may be transferred to a third reactor 13 and reacted with a supply of air and/or oxygen to produce the oxidised first form of the metal oxide, which is then transferred to the first reactor. The metal oxide may be circulated through the three reactors in a flow loop. The metal oxide is preferably iron oxide, where the first form is Fe2O3, the second form is Fe/Fex-σOy-σ, and the third form is Fe3O4. Figure 1

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