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Système d’électrolyse comprenant un dispositif de détection rapide de gaz

NºPublicación:  FR3163080A1 12/12/2025
Solicitante: 
ELOGEN [FR]
ELOGEN
FR_3163080_PA

Resumen de: FR3163080A1

Système d’électrolyse comprenant un dispositif de détection rapide de gaz L’invention concerne un système d'électrolyse de l'eau (2) comprenant un électrolyseur à membranes électrolytiques (21) et un séparateur (22) destiné à réaliser une séparation liquide/gaz d’un fluide fourni par l’électrolyseur (21) , le séparateur (22) comprenant une portion d’entrée (221) raccordée à l'électrolyseur (21) , un volume de séparation liquide/gaz (223) et une portion de sortie (22) par laquelle sort un mélange gazeux, caractérisé en ce que le système d’électrolyse de l’eau (2) comprend un dispositif de détection (25) d’un gaz contenu dans le mélange gazeux, ledit dispositif de détection (25) étant raccordé à la portion d’entrée (221) du séparateur (22). (Figure 2)

WARM UP METHOD FOR AN ELECTROLYSER SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  WO2025253109A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
CERES POWER LTD [GB]
CERES POWER LIMITED
WO_2025253109_PA

Resumen de: WO2025253109A1

A method of warm up of an electrolyser system comprising one or more stacks of electrolyser cells, each of the one or more stacks with fuel and oxygen volumes. The method comprising heating the one or more stacks to raise the one or more stacks to a first threshold temperature T1. A heat transfer fluid is provided to the fuel volume of each of the one or more stacks when the temperature is above first threshold temperature T1. The temperature of the heat transfer fluid is incrementally increased to further heat the one or more stacks above the first threshold temperature T1. When a second threshold temperature, T2, is reached, fuel is provided to the fuel volume of each of the one or more stacks and electrical current to each of the one or more stacks to generate product via electrolysis.

ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM COMPRISING A RAPID GAS DETECTION DEVICE

NºPublicación:  WO2025253062A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
ELOGEN [FR]
ELOGEN
WO_2025253062_PA

Resumen de: WO2025253062A1

The invention relates to a water electrolysis system (2) comprising an electrolyser with electrolytic membranes (21) and a separator (22) intended to carry out a liquid/gas separation of a fluid supplied by the electrolyser (21), the separator (22) comprising an inlet portion (221) connected to the electrolyser (21), a liquid/gas separation space (223) and an outlet portion (22) through which a gas mixture exits, characterised in that the water electrolysis system (2) comprises a device (25) for detecting a gas contained in the gas mixture, said detection device (25) being connected to the inlet portion (221) of the separator (22).

Elektrolyseur mit optimierter Effizienz und Lebensdauer

NºPublicación:  DE102024205219A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
SIEMENS ENERGY GLOBAL GMBH & CO KG [DE]
Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG
DE_102024205219_PA

Resumen de: DE102024205219A1

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Elektrolyseur für die Erzeugung von Wasserstoff mittels Elektrolyse, umfassend eine Vielzahl von Elektrolysezellen (1), die in Elektrolysestapel aufgeteilt sind, wobei jede Elektrolysezelle (1) eine ionenselektive Membran mit einem Rekombinationskatalysator (3) aufweist, auf der beidseitig Elektroden (4, 5) angeordnet sind, an welche im Betrieb eine äußere Spannung angelegt wird, wobei anodenseitig eine erste Wasser-Zuleitung (6) zum Zuführen von Wasser zu einem Anodenraum (8) vorgesehen ist und eine Sauerstoff-Produktleitung (10) zum Abführen des erzeugten Sauerstoffs (O2) aus dem Anodenraum (8) angeschlossen ist und kathodenseitig eine Wasserstoff-Produktleitung (11) zum Abführen des erzeugten Wasserstoffs (H2) aus einem Kathodenraum (9) vorgesehen ist, umfassend weiterhin ein Kontrollsystem (12) zum Steuern des Betriebs der Elektrolysestapel, wobei das Kontrollsystem (12) dafür eingerichtet ist, einen im Wesentlichen gleichbleibenden Druck (pK) im Kathodenraum (9) einzustellen und einen Druck (pA) im Anodenraum (8) als Funktion einer Wasserstoffkonzentration (CH2) im Sauerstoff zu regeln. Die Erfindung betrifft ferner ein Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Elektrolyseurs.

HYDROGEN BURNER USING WATER THERMOLYSIS

NºPublicación:  WO2025254547A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
NOWAKOWSKI WIESLAW [PL]
NOWAKOWSKI JAKUB [PL]
NOWAKOWSKI, Wieslaw,
NOWAKOWSKI, Jakub
WO_2025254547_PA

Resumen de: WO2025254547A1

The subject of the invention is a hydrogen burner using water thermolysis, incorporating a hydrogen combustion chamber (1) containing heating nozzles (3) connected to a fuel transport duct (4), with at least one magneto (6) installed in its vicinity. This burner is characterised in that the chamber (1) contains water (2) in which a duct (6) with heat exchange medium is immersed, and the heating nozzles (3) are dir3ected towards the table of that water (2). The chamber (1) is made of heat-resistant steel and coated with a thermal insulation layer (5) on the outside. Water (2) in the chamber (1) contains transition metals acting as catalysts for water thermolysis, particularly such as cerium, nickel, molybdenum, or chromium.

METHOD FOR SUPPLYING A COMPRESSED COMBINED GAS STREAM

NºPublicación:  WO2025252730A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
TOPSOE AS [DK]
TOPSOE A/S
WO_2025252730_PA

Resumen de: WO2025252730A1

The present invention relates to a method for supplying a compressed combined gas stream comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide for at least one downstream process, preferably for production of alcohols (e.g. methanol) or carbon fuels. More specifically, disclosed is a method wherein the hydrogen gas stream is dosed with a carbon dioxide gas stream and the combined gas stream is compressed in a multistage compression system.

CORE-SHELL STRUCTURE FOR WATER ELECTROLYSIS, PREPARING METHOD OF THE SAME, AND THE ELECTRODE INCLUDING THE SAME

NºPublicación:  US2025376776A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORP [KR]
RESEARCH & BUSINESS FOUND SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIV [KR]
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION,
Research & Business Foundation SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIVERSITY
US_2025376776_PA

Resumen de: US2025376776A1

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a core-shell structure, a preparing method of the same, and an electrode including the same, and the core-shell structure may include a core comprising a perovskite nanocrystal; and a shell surrounding the core, thereby exhibiting improved optical, electrical, and catalytic properties and ensuring stable operating stability, thereby exhibiting excellent photoelectrochemical activity, compared to commercial catalysts such as conventional transition metal oxides.

CLEAN HYDROGEN (H2) PRODUCTION FROM A WATER DESALINATION PLANT

NºPublicación:  US2025376771A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
ABDULAAL ABDULRAHMAN MOHAMMED A [SA]
ABDULAAL Abdulrahman Mohammed A
US_2025376771_PA

Resumen de: US2025376771A1

Systems and methods for producing hydrogen (H2) from a desalination plant are described. The method can include desalinating saline water using energy produced by a gas turbine. Producing by splitting the desalinated water with an electrolyzer. The electrolyzer uses energy produced from the gas turbine to split the desalinated water. CO2 can be captured from the gas turbine exhaust. Produced H2 and captured CO2 can be supplied to a reactor. In the reactor, a first product stream that includes H2 and optionally methane (CH4) can be obtained.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DE-WATERING OF HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION WELLS USING ELECTROLYSIS

NºPublicación:  US2025376627A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
CAMPBELL SEAN [CA]
CAMPBELL Sean
US_2025376627_PA

Resumen de: US2025376627A1

Systems and methods for de-watering of hydrocarbon production wells which uses electrolysis of a water fraction in downhole fluids and a reaction chamber at a distal end of a hydrocarbon production well to generate hydrogen and oxygen gases, to improve hydrocarbon inflow into the production well. The produced hydrogen and/or oxygen gases may be used in combination with hydrocarbons produced by the production well to fuel a gas turbine at surface to generate electrical power for the electrolysis, or such gases may be recombined at surface to provide purified water. A first gas collection means surrounds a region above or proximate an anode for collecting the oxygen gas, and a first production tubing extends therefrom to surface. Means are further provided for collecting and producing hydrogen gas at a cathode, either in combination with produced hydrocarbons from the production well, or separately therefrom.

PROTON-CONDUCTING SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYZERS, RELATED ELECTRODES AND METHODS FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN GAS

NºPublicación:  US2025376772A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
BATTELLE ENERGY ALLIANCE LLC [US]
Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC
US_2025376772_PA

Resumen de: US2025376772A1

A proton-conducting solid oxide electrolyzer includes a first electrode configured to produce oxygen gas from steam, a second electrode configured to produce hydrogen gas from the steam, and a proton-conducting solid oxide electrolyte between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode includes barium zirconate of formula BaZrO3−δ doped with at least one transition metal and substantially free of a rare earth element, wherein δ is an oxygen deficit, and wherein the at least one transition metal comprises cobalt. Also disclosed are an electrode for the proton-conducting solid oxide electrolyzer, and a method of producing hydrogen gas.

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND/OR OXYGEN

NºPublicación:  AU2024305642A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
LINDE GMBH
LINDE GMBH
AU_2024305642_PA

Resumen de: AU2024305642A1

The invention relates to a method (100) for producing hydrogen and/or oxygen by means of electrolysis, in which an electrolysis unit (10) is supplied with a direct current (2) which is provided from an alternating current (1) using a rectifier (20), wherein the electrolysis unit (10) is supplied with water using a water circuit (110). The rectifier (20) is cooled using a cooling water which is provided using a sub-flow (5) of water being conducted in the water circuit (110) and/or water supplied to the water circuit. The invention likewise relates to a corresponding system.

CONTROL SYSTEM FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FACILITY, HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FACILITY, METHOD FOR CONTROLLING HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FACILITY AND CONTROL PROGRAM FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FACILITY

NºPublicación:  US2025376778A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD [JP]
MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD
US_2025376778_PA

Resumen de: US2025376778A1

A control system for a hydrogen production facility is a control system for controlling operation of a hydrogen production facility including at least one water electrolyzer. The control system includes: a required hydrogen flow rate acquisition part configured to acquire a required hydrogen flow rate that is a hydrogen generation amount required for the water electrolyzer; a conversion part configured to convert the required hydrogen flow rate into a current required to generate hydrogen at the required hydrogen flow rate at the water electrolyzer and acquire a provisional required current; and a first correction part configured to acquire a current set value to be provided to the water electrolyzer by correcting the provisional required current using a first correction factor based on a difference between the required hydrogen flow rate and an actual hydrogen flow rate that is a hydrogen generation amount generated actually at the water electrolyzer.

ELECTRODES FOR AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL FOR AN ALKALINE SEPARATION OF WATER INTO HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME

NºPublicación:  AU2024304508A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
ALANTUM EUROPE GMBH
FRAUNHOFER GES ZUR FOERDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E V
ALANTUM EUROPE GMBH,
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR F\u00D6RDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V
AU_2024304508_A1

Resumen de: AU2024304508A1

According to the invention, electrodes are arranged on two opposite surfaces of a separator. Each electrode consists of an open-pore metal structure, in particular a metal foam made of at least one of the chemical elements Ni, Al, Mo, Fe, Mn, Co, Zn, La, Ce, or an alloy of at least two of said chemical elements or an intermetallic compound of at least two of said chemical elements. A continuously decreasing catalytic activity is provided from the surface facing a separator or the respective other electrode of each electrochemical cell to the opposite surface of the respective electrode, and/or a continuously increasing porosity and/or pore size and/or a continuously decreasing specific surface area is provided from the surface facing a separator or the respective other electrode of each electrochemical cell to the opposite surface of the respective electrode.

水電解装置、ガスケット、及びガスケット装置

NºPublicación:  JP2025181812A 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
NOK株式会社
JP_2025181812_PA

Resumen de: WO2025249562A1

A water electrolysis device (5) is provided with gaskets (10). The gaskets (10) are configured to be used in a state where, with respect to one of the gaskets (10), another one of the gaskets (10) is reversed and overlayed. The gaskets (10) seal, in a cell (100), a space (S1) between a separator (101) and an electrolyte membrane (104) of a membrane assembly (103), and a space (S2) between a separator (102) and the electrolyte membrane (104). The gaskets (10) each have: a seal lateral surface (11) and a contact lateral surface (12) which form a pair; a first seal part (3) for sealing the space (S1) or the space (S2); and a second seal part (4) for sealing, on the outer peripheral side of the electrolyte membrane (104), a plurality of flow paths (2) between the separators (101, 102). The first seal part (3) is formed on the seal lateral surface (11) and the contact lateral surface (12), and the second seal part (4) is formed on the seal lateral surface (11) and the contact lateral surface (12).

MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

NºPublicación:  WO2025254597A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIV [SG]
THE CHANCELLOR MASTERS AND SCHOLARS OF THE UNIV OF CAMBRIDGE [GB]
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
WO_2025254597_PA

Resumen de: WO2025254597A1

The present disclosure relates to a membrane electrode assembly for hydrogen production and a method of producing hydrogen using the membrane electrode assembly

ELECTRODE, METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTRODE, ELECTROLYSIS CELL, ELECTROLYSIS TANK FOR ALKALINE WATER ELECTROLYSIS, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN

NºPublicación:  WO2025254008A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
ASAHI KASEI KK [JP]
\u65ED\u5316\u6210\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E
WO_2025254008_PA

Resumen de: WO2025254008A1

The objective of the present invention is to provide: an electrode in which an increase in overvoltage hardly occurs even when repeatedly turning on and off a power source and starting and stopping the generation of hydrogen; a method for producing the electrode; an electrolysis cell including the electrode; an electrolysis tank for alkaline water electrolysis including the electrolysis cell; and a method for producing hydrogen by means of alkaline water electrolysis using the electrolysis tank for alkaline water electrolysis. To achieve the above objective, an electrode according to the present invention has a nickel-containing conductive substrate and a platinum-containing catalyst layer, and is characterized by including a PtNi alloy and having a Ni atom concentration on the electrode surface of 20% or less.

METHOD FOR OPERATING HIGH-TEMPERATURE WATER ELECTROLYSIS STACK

NºPublicación:  WO2025254339A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
SAMSUNG E&A CO LTD [KR]
\uC0BC\uC131\uC774\uC564\uC5D0\uC774(\uC8FC)
WO_2025254339_A1

Resumen de: WO2025254339A1

A method for operating a high-temperature water electrolysis stack. The disclosed method for operating a high-temperature water electrolysis stack comprises the steps of: (S210) injecting a reducing gas into a hydrogen electrode of a high-temperature water electrolysis stack; (S220) initially increasing the temperature of the hydrogen electrode of the high-temperature water electrolysis stack; (S230) blocking the reducing gas injected into the hydrogen electrode of the high-temperature water electrolysis stack; (S240) primarily oxidizing the hydrogen electrode of the high-temperature water electrolysis stack; (S250) reinjecting the reducing gas into the hydrogen electrode of the high-temperature water electrolysis stack; (S260) blocking, again, the reducing gas injected into the hydrogen electrode of the high-temperature water electrolysis; (S270) secondarily oxidizing the hydrogen electrode of the high-temperature water electrolysis stack; and (S280) reinjecting the reducing gas into the hydrogen electrode of the high-temperature water electrolysis stack and performing normal operation.

ANODE ELECTRODE FOR PEM ELECTROLYZER AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN

NºPublicación:  WO2025251905A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
THE UNIV OF HONG KONG [CN]
\u9999\u6E2F\u5927\u5B66
WO_2025251905_A1

Resumen de: WO2025251905A1

The present application relates to an anode electrode for a PEM electrolyzer, and a method for producing hydrogen. An anode electrode for a PEM electrolyzer uses an aqueous solution containing perchlorate, a substrate of the anode electrode comprising, in terms of mass percentage, 22%≤Ni<80%, 95%≤Ni+Fe, and unavoidable impurities, and the aqueous solution containing perchlorate at a concentration of 0.01 mol/L to 1 mol/L; the anode electrode is configured such that, during use of the PEM electrolyzer, at least one surface of the substrate is exposed to the aqueous solution, so that when an anodic polarization potential of 1.4-2.5 VSHE is applied to the anode electrode, a corrosion-resistant passive film can be formed on at least one surface, the passive film comprising nickel oxide and iron oxide, which together account for at least 90% of the passive film in terms of mass percentage. The present application also discloses a PEM electrolyzer, and a steel plate capable of being used to manufacture an anode electrode for a PEM electrolyzer, as well as a use thereof.

NICKEL-BASED ELECTROCATALYST FOR ANION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE WATER ELECTROLYSIS

NºPublicación:  WO2025251148A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
DCL INT INC [CA]
DCL INTERNATIONAL INC
WO_2025251148_PA

Resumen de: WO2025251148A1

Electrocatalysts for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis include nickel and cobalt. In some examples, electrocatalysts can include manganese, can have partial substitution of oxygen by phosphorus, and/or can include molybdenum, cerium and/or yttrium. In some examples, electrocatalysts can have a composition of Ni0.35Co0.65Ox, Ni0.31Co0.69Ox, Ni0.38Co0.62Ox, Ni0.47Co0.53Ox, Ni0.25Co0.57Mn0.17Ox, Ni0.35Co0.65P1.3Ox, Ni0.25Co0.57Mn0.17P1.1Ox, or Ni0.38Co0.36Mo0.09Ce0.1Y0.07Ox. In some examples, electrocatalysts can take the form of a powder or an ink. In some examples, electrocatalysts can be prepared by an oxalic acid precipitation method, a methyl imidazole precipitation method, or a citric acid sol-gel method.

WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING OXYGEN DEPLETED, DRIED STEAM AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING IT

NºPublicación:  US2025376399A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
TOPSOE AS
Topsoe A/S
US_2025376399_PA

Resumen de: US2025376399A1

The present invention regards an improved water treatment system and a water treatment process for producing an oxygen depleted, dried process steam suitable for use in high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis. The system and the process has been simplified compared to prior art systems and processes.

SULFUR-INCORPORATED BISMUTH FERRITE NANOPARTICLES AND A METHOD OF PREPARATION THEREOF

NºPublicación:  US2025376422A1 11/12/2025
Solicitante: 
KING FAHD UNIV OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS [SA]
KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS
US_2025376422_PA

Resumen de: US2025376422A1

Sulfur-incorporated bismuth ferrite nanoparticles (SBFNPs) contain Bi2Fe4O9 nanoparticles doped with Fe(0) and Bi(0) and sulfur in an amount of 0.5 to 5 percent by weight. At least a portion of bismuth is bonded to at least a portion of the sulfur and at least a portion of iron is bonded to at least a portion of the sulfur. The bismuth ferrite nanoparticles have a longest dimension of 1 to 50 nm. A method of photocatalytic degradation of dyes and a method of hydrogen generation and storage using the nanoparticles.

水電解膜電極及びその調製方法、並びにそれを用いた水電解槽

NºPublicación:  JP2025179788A 10/12/2025
Solicitante: 
恵州億緯▲軽▼能有限公司
JP_2025179788_A

Resumen de: US2025369130A1

The present disclosure provides a water electrolysis membrane electrode, a method for preparing the water electrolysis membrane electrode, and a water electrolyzer applying the water electrolysis membrane electrode. The water electrolysis membrane electrode includes a cathode gas diffusion layer, a cathode catalytic layer, an anion exchange membrane, a hydrophobic anode catalytic layer, and an anode gas diffusion layer that are stacked in sequence. Raw materials for preparing the hydrophobic anode catalytic layer include an anode catalyst, a hydrophobic material, and an anode ionomer. A mass ratio of the anode catalyst, the hydrophobic material, and the anode ionomer is 10:1-3:1-3. A porosity of the hydrophobic anode catalytic layer is 10%-40%.

水の電気分解方法、水素の製造方法及び、PEM型水電解装置のセルの製造方法

NºPublicación:  JP2025179670A 10/12/2025
Solicitante: 
東邦チタニウム株式会社
JP_2025179670_A

Resumen de: WO2025248902A1

A method for electrolyzing water according to the present invention is a method for splitting water with the use of a PEM water electrolysis device which is provided with a cell in which a cathode, an electrolyte membrane, a porous transport layer, and an anode are stacked, wherein: the porous transport layer has a titanium porous body; in the electrolyte membrane-side surface of the titanium porous body, the average value of the areas of pores that open to the surface is 5 μm2 to 45 μm2 inclusive; the standard deviation value of the areas of the pores is 90 μm2 or less; the number of the pores that are present within a rectangular region that has an area of 22,000 μm2 and an aspect ratio of 4:3 is 120 or more; and the pressure applied in the stacking direction of the cathode, the electrolyte membrane, the porous transport layer, and the anode at the time of assembling the cell is set to 6 MPa or more.

A FEEDWATER PREPARATION METHOD FOR ALKALINE ELETROLYSER SYSTEM AND A FEEDWATER PREPARATION SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  EP4658835A1 10/12/2025
Solicitante: 
GREEN HYDROGEN SYSTEMS AS [DK]
Green Hydrogen Systems A/S
CN_120936752_PA

Resumen de: AU2024214359A1

Feedwater preparation system in a water electrolyser adapted to produce hydrogen and oxygen in one or more pressurised electrolyser stacks (2) using alkaline water and comprising a product gas conditioning system that has a safety valve out-blow material stream pipe (11) which is connected to a feedwater vessel (9), and/or has a depressurisation stream pipe (31) from a gas cleaning vessel which is connected to the feedwater vessel (9).

WATER ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR OPERATING WATER ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM

Nº publicación: EP4660153A1 10/12/2025

Solicitante:

MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD [JP]
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd

EP_4660153_PA

Resumen de: EP4660153A1

The water electrolysis system is a water electrolysis system using an alkaline aqueous solution as an electrolytic solution, the water electrolysis system including a cell stack to which the electrolytic solution is supplied; a storage section in which the electrolytic solution is stored; an annular flow path connecting the storage section and the cell stack to each other; a pump section provided on the annular flow path; a scale removal section that is provided on the annular flow path and is capable of removing a scale included in the electrolytic solution; and a scale component removal section capable of removing scale components dissolved in the electrolytic solution at or below a saturation concentration.

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