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ELECTRIC TOOTHBRUSH, AND MOTOR CONTROL METHOD, DEVICE, SYSTEM, CONTROL BOARD, AND MEDIUM FOR THE SAME

NºPublicación:  AU2024204242A1 01/05/2025
Solicitante: 
SHENZHEN SHUYE TECHNOLOGY CO LTD
Shenzhen Shuye Technology Co., Ltd
AU_2024204242_A1

Resumen de: AU2024204242A1

Am electric toothbrush, and a motor control method, a device, a system, a control board, and a storage medium for the same. The motor control method for an electric toothbrush includes: obtaining a start or regulation signal; controlling a motor shaft of the electric toothbrush to vibrate at a preset frequency relative to a preset oscillation centerline according to the start or regulation signal; obtaining a position parameter of the preset oscillation centerline of the motor shaft of the electric toothbrush; and controlling the preset oscillation centerline of the motor shaft of the electric toothbrush to move around an axis of the motor shaft along a preset trajectory. Drawings obtaining a stait or regulation signal controlling a motor shaft of the electric toothbrush to vibrate at S200 a preset frequency relative to a preset oscillation centerline obtaining a position parameter of the preset oscillation $300 centerline of the motor shaft of the electric toothbrush controlling the preset oscillation centerline of the motor shatt S400 of the electric toothbrush to move around an axis of the motor shaft along a preset trajectory obtaining a start or regulation signal controlling a motor shaft of the electric toothbrush to vibrate at a S200 preset frequency relative to a preset oscillation centerline according to the start or regulation signal, obtaining a forward maximum vibration position parameter and a reverse maximum vibration position parameter of the motor shaft of the

BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  AU2023360479A1 01/05/2025
Solicitante: 
CATERPILLAR INC
CATERPILLAR INC
AU_2023360479_PA

Resumen de: AU2023360479A1

A Battery Management System (BMS) configured to control a discharge current of a battery is provided. The BMS is configured to calculate a discharge energy of the battery for a timestep based on the discharge current and the duration of the timestep, and to calculate an accumulated discharge energy of the battery based on an accumulated discharge energy calculated for a preceding timestep and the discharge energy for the timestep. The BMS is further configured to determine a maximum discharge pulse current, calculate a discharge current limit, and control the discharge current of the battery such that the discharge current does not exceed the discharge current limit. The BMS can control a charge current of a battery in similar fashion.

SELF-CHECKING-BASED FIRE-FIGHTING AIR INTAKE AND DISCHARGE CONTROL SYSTEM, AND CONTROL METHOD

NºPublicación:  AU2023359700A1 01/05/2025
Solicitante: 
SUNGROW POWER SUPPLY CO LTD
SUNGROW POWER SUPPLY CO., LTD
AU_2023359700_PA

Resumen de: AU2023359700A1

A self-checking-based fire-fighting air intake and discharge control system, which is applied to measure a combustible gas in an energy storage container (40). The fire-fighting air intake and discharge control system comprises: a gas measurement module (11), which is used for measuring the concentration of a combustible gas in an energy storage container (40); an air intake and discharge module (12), which is used for controlling the circulation of the gas in the energy storage container (40); and a control module (10), which is used for controlling the operation of the gas measurement module (11) and the operation of the air intake and discharge module (12), and controlling, when the concentration of the combustible gas exceeds a preset concentration threshold value, the air intake and discharge module (12) to discharge the combustible gas. The fire-fighting air intake and discharge control system can automatically detect a fault problem of the system and feed back same in a timely manner, and can also measure multiple environmental factors; and the system regularly performs self-checking, and stores and uploads data, and an operation and maintenance person can retrieve operation data, predetermines an on-site operation situation, and maintains the system and a device.

MEDICAL TREATMENT SYSTEM AND METHODS USING A PLURALITY OF FLUID LINES

NºPublicación:  AU2025202683A1 01/05/2025
Solicitante: 
DEKA PRODUCTS LP
DEKA Products Limited Partnership
AU_2025202683_A1

Resumen de: AU2025202683A1

A medical treatment system, such as peritoneal dialysis system, may include control and other features to enhance patient comfort and ease of use. For example, a peritoneal dialysis system may include a control system that can adjust the volume of fluid infused into the peritoneal cavity to prevent the intraperitoneal fluid volume from exceeding a predetermined amount. The control system can adjust by adding one or more therapy cycles, allowing for fill volumes during each cycle to be reduced. The control system may continue to allow the fluid to drain from the peritoneal cavity as completely as possible before starting the next therapy cycle. The control system may also adjust the dwell time of fluid within the peritoneal cavity during therapy cycles in order to complete a therapy within a scheduled time period. The cycler may also be configured to have a heater control system that monitors both the temperature of a heating tray and the temperature of a bag of dialysis fluid in order to bring the temperature of the dialysis fluid rapidly to a specified temperature, with minimal temperature overshoot.

DETERMINING AN INTERNAL BATTERY TEMPERATURE BASED ON A DETERMINED BATTERY TEMPERATURE CHANGE OVER TIME FROM AN INITIAL TEMPERATURE CONDITION

NºPublicación:  US2025140956A1 01/05/2025
Solicitante: 
EATON INTELLIGENT POWER LTD [IE]
EATON INTELLIGENT POWER LIMITED
CN_119013539_PA

Resumen de: US2025140956A1

Some embodiments relate to a method for determining an internal temperature of a battery. The method includes obtaining an initial temperature condition of the battery indicative of battery temperature at an initial time, receiving an electrical current in the battery at a given time after the initial time, and receiving an ambient temperature associated with the battery at the given time. The method includes determining a heat generation rate in the battery based on an internal resistance of the battery and on the received current, and determining a temperature change of the battery at the given time from the initial time, the temperature change being determined based on the initial temperature condition and the heat generation rate. The internal temperature of the battery is determined based on the determined temperature change and the ambient temperature.

SELF-SUPPORTED HYPERLITHIATED POROUS FLEXIBLE 3D HOST ANODE FOR LITHIUM METAL SECONDARY BATTERIES

NºPublicación:  AU2024227142A1 01/05/2025
Solicitante: 
THEION GMBH
Theion GmbH
AU_2024227142_A1

Resumen de: AU2024227142A1

Abstract Self-supported porous 3D flexible host anode for lithium metal secondary batteries having a primary coating >5 atomic wt% and in addition to < 5 atomic wt% of at least two additional lithiophilic elements, leading to synergistic plating and stripping effect of the alkali ions, wherein all the coating elements have the capability of forming intermetallic alloys with lithium and/or between themselves within the potential window range of 1.5 V and -0.5 V Vs Li/Li+, having a porosity of at least 70%, and a thickness between 10pm and 100pm, comprising a non-woven, woven or ordered arrangement of constituent fibres with a diameter ranging between 200 nm and 40 pm.

BATTERY ABNORMALITY DIAGNOSIS DEVICE AND OPERATION METHOD THEREOF

NºPublicación:  AU2023378026A1 01/05/2025
Solicitante: 
LG ENERGY SOLUTION LTD
LG ENERGY SOLUTION, LTD
AU_2023378026_PA

Resumen de: AU2023378026A1

A battery abnormality diagnosis device according to an embodiment disclosed in the present document may comprise: an acquisition unit which acquires voltage-state of charge (SOC) profiles of a plurality of battery units; an identification unit which identifies a designated first number of ranks of the plurality of battery units on the basis of the voltage-SOC profiles; and a diagnosis unit which diagnoses abnormalities in the plurality of battery units on the basis of changes in the ranks.

POLE, UPPER COVER ASSEMBLY, ELECTRICAL ADAPTER, BATTERY CELL, AND BATTERY PACK

NºPublicación:  AU2023340203A1 01/05/2025
Solicitante: 
D AUS ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGY XIAN CO LTD
D-AUS ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGY (XI'AN) CO., LTD
AU_2023340203_PA

Resumen de: AU2023340203A1

Provided are a pole, an upper cover assembly, an electrical adapter, a battery cell, and a battery pack, mainly solving the problem of heat dissipation of batteries. A through groove is formed in the pole and the electrical adapter so as to mount a heat transfer tube, so that the temperatures of the pole, the electrical adapter and the battery can be effectively controlled after being transmitted by means of the heat transfer tube.

MULTI-CELL MONOLITHIC THIN-FILM BATTERY AND FABRICATION METHOD THEREOF

NºPublicación:  EP4544621A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
EMPA EIDGENOESSISCHE MAT & FORSCHUNGSANSTALT [CH]
EMPA Eidgen\u00F6ssische Materialpr\u00FCfungs- und Forschungsanstalt
KR_20250040578_PA

Resumen de: WO2023247206A1

The disclosed invention consists of a multi-cell monolithic thin-film battery (0), comprising one single substrate (1) on which two and more monolithic battery cells, comprising a cathode current collector (20), a cathode electrode layer (21), a solid electrolyte layer (22) and an anode current collector (23) deposited onto each other, wherein all monolithic battery cells (2, 2') are produced by thin-film techniques with layer thicknesses between nm and 20 μm, avoiding an anode layer during manufacturing, therefore named monolithic anode-free battery cells (2, 10 2'), with improved properties and based on a viable method for connecting multiple cells to a stacked thin-film battery. This is reached by deposition of all layers of the resulting multi-cell monolithic thin-film battery (0) are manufactured on top of each other on the single substrate (1), a blocking layer as material layer blocking electrons and ions is deposited between the cathode current collector (20) and the anode current collector (23) of each adjacent monolithic anode-free battery cells (2, 2'), with deposited thickness of the blocking layer between 5 nm and 1 μm and the first layer of the next adjacent monolithic anode-free battery cell (2') is deposited on the last layer of the previous monolithic anode-free battery cell (2).

HEAT-EXCHANGE PLATE FOR BATTERY PACK WITH STRUCTURAL PLATE

NºPublicación:  EP4543624A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
VALEO SYSTEMES THERMIQUES [FR]
VALEO SYSTEMES THERMIQUES
CN_119562879_PA

Resumen de: WO2023247745A1

The invention relates to a heat-exchange plate (10) for thermal management of a battery pack (200), comprising first (20) and second (30) plates, at least the first (20) plate comprising at least one channel (40), the first (20) and second (30) plates being contiguous so that the channel (40) partially delimits at least one duct of a circuit for circulating a heat-transfer fluid, characterised in that the first plate (20) is made of a first material, and the second plate (30) is made of a second material which is different from the first material and gives the second plate (30) a structural function.

COMPOSITE MATERIAL AND BATTERY DEVICE COMPRISING THE SAME

NºPublicación:  EP4543677A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
BASF SE [DE]
BASF SE
KR_20250029894_PA

Resumen de: WO2023247161A1

The present invention discloses a composite material for making a housing of a battery device, comprising a substrate layer (10) and a first fireproof coating (20), which is coated on at least a portion of a surface of the substrate layer (10), the first fireproof coating (20) having a thickness of 0.3 mm to 1.5 mm. The composite material has the advantages of both fire protection and light weight. Furthermore, the composite material further has the advantage of thermal insulation.

SEPARATOR SUBSTRATE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE AND SEPARATOR COMPRISING SAME

NºPublicación:  EP4546542A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
LG ENERGY SOLUTION LTD [KR]
LG Energy Solution, Ltd
EP_4546542_A1

Resumen de: EP4546542A1

The present disclosure relates to a separator substrate for an electrochemical device, a separator and an electrochemical device including the same. The separator substrate for an electrochemical device includes a crosslinked polyolefin resin and chromium (Cr), has a gel fraction of 3-80%, shows a standard deviation (△d) of thickness measured in at least 100 optional points of 0.5 µm or less, and has 10 or less spots with a longer side length of 50 µm or more per 1 m<2>.

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR THE EARLY DETECTION OF CRITICAL FAULTS IN A BATTERY

NºPublicación:  EP4544315A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
ACCURE BATTERY INTELLIGENCE GMBH [DE]
Accure Battery Intelligence GmbH
DE_102022115777_PA

Resumen de: WO2023247112A1

A method for the early detection of critical faults in a battery (4, 5, 6), following putting into service and during battery operation of the battery (4, 5, 6), comprises receiving battery data, provided by a battery management system, BMS (2), associated with the battery (4, 5, 6), at a remote diagnostic unit (3), wherein the battery data relate, in terms of time, to electrical properties of the battery (4, 5, 6) that are measured during battery operation; and carrying out remote diagnosis of the battery (4, 5, 6) through phased comparison and/or cyclic comparison of the received battery data with reference battery data, wherein a phase is one of: a charging phase, a transition phase and a discharging phase in relation to the battery operation, and wherein a cycle comprises successive phases of the charging phase, the transition phase and the discharging phase.

LITHIUM ION BATTERY

NºPublicación:  EP4546498A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
DONGGUAN JIALI MATERIALS TECH CO LTD [CN]
Dongguan Jiali Materials Technology Co., Ltd
EP_4546498_PA

Resumen de: EP4546498A1

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of battery manufacturing, and in particular relates to a lithium-ion battery. The lithium-ion battery comprises a separator, a cathode electrode, an anode electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein a coating of the cathode electrode comprises a cathode material; the cathode material comprises a cathode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder; the cathode active material comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium iron phosphate and lithium manganese oxide. The coating of the cathode electrode further comprises an anode layer-forming additive; and/or, the electrolyte comprises an anode layer-forming additive; the anode layer-forming additive comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur and a metal sulfide. The electrolyte comprises a layer-forming solvent. The lithium-ion battery provided in the present disclosure can effectively improve the cycling performance of lithium-ion batteries using lithium iron phosphate or lithium manganese oxide as a cathode active material.

POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL, PREPARATION METHOD FOR POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL, POSITIVE ELECTRODE PLATE, SECONDARY BATTERY, BATTERY MODULE, BATTERY PACK AND ELECTRIC DEVICE

NºPublicación:  EP4546454A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
CONTEMPORARY AMPEREX TECHNOLOGY CO LTD [CN]
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited
EP_4546454_PA

Resumen de: EP4546454A1

This application provides a positive electrode active material, a method for preparing a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode plate, a secondary battery, a battery module, a battery pack, and an electric apparatus. The positive electrode active material includes a first positive electrode active material and a second positive electrode active material. The first positive electrode active material includes a compound LiNi<sub>a</sub>Co<sub>d</sub>Mn<sub>e</sub>M'<sub>f</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and the second positive electrode active material includes a core, a first coating layer enveloping the core, and a second coating layer enveloping the first coating layer, where the core includes a compound Li<sub>1+x</sub>Mn<sub>1-y</sub>A<sub>y</sub>P<sub>1-z</sub>R<sub>z</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, the first coating layer includes pyrophosphate M<sub>a</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> and phosphate X<sub>n</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, and the second coating layer includes carbon. In this application, the first positive electrode active material is mixed and applied together with the second positive electrode active material, which improves the cycling capacity retention rate of the secondary battery, extends the cycle life of the secondary battery, and improves the safety of the secondary battery.

A BATTERY PACK

NºPublicación:  EP4544623A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
TVS MOTOR CO LTD [IN]
TVS Motor Company Limited
CN_119452499_PA

Resumen de: CN119452499A

The invention relates to a battery pack (10). A battery pack (10) includes: a plurality of battery cells (22) electrically coupled to each other; a BMS module (50) adapted to manage the plurality of battery cells (22); a housing (20) adapted to accommodate a plurality of battery cells (22); a top cover (30) adapted to cover the housing (20) and house the BMS module (50); and a heat sink (40) in thermal contact with the BMS module (50). The heat sink (40) is mounted on at least a first portion (57) of the BMS module (50) and embedded in the top cover (30), or the heat sink (40) is integrally overmolded in at least a second portion (37) of the top cover (30). The heat sink (40) is adapted to dissipate heat from the BMS module (50) to the outside of the housing (20) and the top cover (30).

BATTERY CELL, BATTERY, AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS

NºPublicación:  EP4546555A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
CONTEMPORARY AMPEREX TECHNOLOGY HONG KONG LTD [HK]
Contemporary Amperex Technology (Hong Kong) Limited
EP_4546555_PA

Resumen de: EP4546555A1

The present application provides a battery cell, a battery, and an electrical apparatus. The battery cell comprises a shell, an electrode assembly, an insulating member and a support member. The electrode assembly is accommodated in the shell and comprises an electrode main body and a tab, the tab being led out from an end of the electrode main body. The insulating member is accommodated in the shell and is attached to the peripheral side surface of the electrode main body, and the insulating member is provided with an opening. The support member is used for supporting the electrode assembly and covering the opening. The battery cell provided by the present application helps to improve the deformation consistency of parts in the electrode assembly, and reduces the risk of lithium plating of the electrode assembly, thus improving the safety performance of the battery cell.

IMPROVED BATTERY SEPARATOR FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

NºPublicación:  EP4544633A2 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
GLATFELTER CORP [US]
Glatfelter Corporation
CN_119678308_A

Resumen de: WO2024006790A2

Nonwoven battery separators, batteries comprising nonwoven battery separators, and methods of manufacturing nonwoven battery separators having improved durability and resilience for better in-service performance, more long-term durability, and safer battery products, wherein the nonwoven battery separator is coated with inorganic oxides.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE DRY, SOLVENT FREE MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRODES USING POWDERS

NºPublicación:  EP4544612A2 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
TEXAS A & M UNIV SYS [US]
The Texas A&M University System
CN_119790499_PA

Resumen de: WO2024006763A2

A system for dry manufacturing an electrode for an energy storage device includes a substrate configured to move in a feed direction. In addition, the system includes a powder applicator configured to deposit a dry powder onto a surface of the substrate. Further, the system includes at least one pair of spreading rollers. The pair of spreading rollers includes an upper spreading roller and a lower spreading roller positioned below the upper spreading roller. The upper spreading roller and the lower spreading roller are positioned downstream of the powder applicator relative to the feed direction. Each spreading roller has a central axis of rotation and a radially outer surface. The radially outer surface of the upper spreading roller is configured to directly contact and spread the dry powder on the substrate. The upper spreading roller is configured to rotate in a rotational direction that is counter to the feed direction of the substrate proximal the substrate and dry powder and the lower spreading roller is configured to rotate in a rotational direction that is the same as the rotational direction of the upper spreading roller. Still further, the system includes at least one pair of compaction rollers. The pair of compaction rollers includes an upper compaction roller and a lower compaction roller positioned below the upper compaction roller. The at least one pair of spreading rollers are positioned downstream of the upper spreading roller and the lower spreading roller re

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING BATTERY CELL, BATTERY CELL MANUFACTURED THEREBY, AND BATTERY MODULE INCLUDING SAME

NºPublicación:  EP4546520A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
SK ON CO LTD [KR]
SK On Co., Ltd
EP_4546520_PA

Resumen de: EP4546520A1

The present invention provides: a method for manufacturing a battery cell, wherein a folding part is formed in a sealing part of the battery cell, an attachment member is closely attached, along a side face of a case body and a folding face located on the outermost portion of a side of the case body, to suppress the deformation of the sealing part and delay venting, and the cooling efficiency of the battery cell is improved; a battery cell manufactured by the method; and a battery module including the battery cell.

HEAT TRANSFER SUPPRESSION SHEET AND BATTERY PACK

NºPublicación:  EP4546512A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
IBIDEN CO LTD [JP]
IBIDEN CO., LTD
EP_4546512_PA

Resumen de: EP4546512A1

There are provided a heat transfer suppression sheet which has excellent heat insulating properties and also prevents the infiltration of water, which makes it possible to prevent ignition and the like due to a short circuit between battery cells, and preferably makes it possible to prevent a decrease in heat insulating properties due to the infiltration of the electrolytic solution, and a battery pack having the heat transfer suppression sheet. A heat transfer suppression sheet (10) interposed between a plurality of battery cells contains at least one kind of fiber (glass fiber (1)) selected from an inorganic fiber and an organic fiber, and a liquid repellent substance (2) having a surface tension smaller than a surface tension of water.

BINDER COMPOSITION FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ELEMENT, CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL DISPERSION FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ELEMENT, SLURRY FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ELEMENT ELECTRODE, ELECTRODE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ELEMENT, AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ELEMENT

NºPublicación:  EP4546468A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
ZEON CORP [JP]
Zeon Corporation
EP_4546468_A1

Resumen de: EP4546468A1

A binder composition for an electrochemical device contains a polymer including a nitrile group-containing monomer unit, an alkylene structural unit, and a hydrophilic group-containing monomer unit, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and triphenylphosphine sulfide. Content of the triphenylphosphine sulfide is not less than 2 mass ppm and not more than 100 mass ppm relative to content of the polymer. A relationship formula: 0.004(%) ≤ {(a)/(b)} × 100(%) ≤ 0.150(%) is satisfied when content of the triphenylphosphine sulfide relative to content of the polymer is taken to be (a) and content of the hydrophilic group-containing monomer unit relative to content of the polymer is taken to be (b).

LITHIUM ION SECONDARY BATTERY

NºPublicación:  EP4546480A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
VEHICLE ENERGY JAPAN INC [JP]
Vehicle Energy Japan Inc
EP_4546480_PA

Resumen de: EP4546480A1

A lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution, in which the negative electrode includes a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer disposed on at least one side of the current collector, the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material including graphite particles and amorphous carbon fine particles, the electrolytic solution includes at least a non-aqueous solvent, an electrolyte salt, and an additive, and the additive includes a fluorosulfonate and a methoxysulfonate. Consequently, it is possible to achieve both an improvement in power characteristics and an improvement in high temperature storage characteristics in a low SOC range in the lithium ion secondary battery.

ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE, AND CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE

NºPublicación:  EP4546529A1 30/04/2025
Solicitante: 
BYD CO LTD [CN]
BYD Company Limited
EP_4546529_PA

Resumen de: EP4546529A1

An energy storage device (100) and a control system (200) for an energy storage device. The energy storage device (100) comprises a case (10), a battery module (20), and at least one connecting piece (30). An accommodating cavity (11) is defined in the case (10); at least one opening (12) is formed on a side surface of the box body (10); the battery module (20) is arranged in the accommodating cavity (11); and the connecting piece (30) is connected between the side surface of the battery module (20), that is, adjacent to the opening (12) and the box body (10).

DIRECT COOLING PLATE, HEAT EXCHANGER, POWER BATTERY PACK AND VEHICLE

Nº publicación: EP4545897A1 30/04/2025

Solicitante:

BYD CO LTD [CN]
BYD Company Limited

EP_4545897_PA

Resumen de: EP4545897A1

A direct cooling plate, a heat exchanger, a power battery pack and a vehicle. The direct cooling plate includes a plurality of heat exchange channels, which are arranged inside the direct cooling plate. Each heat exchange channel includes an inlet for a refrigerant to enter therein and an outlet for the refrigerant to flow out therefrom, wherein the at least one heat exchange channel is circumferentially arranged around the other heat exchange channels; and each heat exchange channel forms a heat exchange unit at the direct cooling plate, and the heat exchange unit is used for performing heat exchange in different temperature regions of a battery. The direct cooling plate can control the temperature of the refrigerant at the inlet of each heat exchange channel aimed at different temperature regions of the battery, such that the overall temperature difference of the battery is improved, and thereby prolonging the service life of the battery.

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