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Enerxías oceánicas

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LastUpdate Última actualización 18/06/2025 [06:50:00]
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BIPOLAR PLATE OF FUEL CELL AND METHOD FOR OPERATING IT

NºPublicación:  EP4562698A1 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
ZEROAVIA INC [US]
ZeroAvia, Inc
WO_2023204830_PA

Resumen de: WO2023204830A1

The invention relates to bipolar plates for an air-cooled fuel cells and to methods for operating them. The fuel cell bipolar plate has two short sides (2), (3) and two long sides A1, A2. The bipolar plate comprises an anode plate (4) and a cathode plate (5). an anode gas inlet and a cathode gas inlet are located near to one short side, an anode gas outlet and a cathode outlet are located near to the other short side, The anode plate (4) and the cathode plate (5) are connected such that gaseous heat carrier distribution channels (8) are formed between them, which inlets are near to A1 and outlets are near to A2. A length of A1 is larger than a length of A2. A distance between said channels in the region closer to A1 is larger than a distance between said channels in the region closer to A2.

REDOX FLOW BATTERY AND METHOD FOR OPERATING SAME

NºPublicación:  EP4562700A1 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
LIVA POWER MAN SYSTEMS GMBH [DE]
Liva Power Management Systems GmbH
AU_2023343133_PA

Resumen de: AU2023343133A1

The invention relates to a redox flow battery (11) comprising a cell arrangement (12) and a measuring apparatus for determining the charging state, and wherein the measuring apparatus comprises a hydraulic connecting line (15) which connects the first tank (13) to the second tank (14) so that there is a permanent electrical connection between the electrolyte liquids in the two tanks (13, 14), and wherein the measuring apparatus comprises at least two electrodes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), and wherein a first electrode (3, 4, 6) is arranged directly in the positive electrolyte circuit, and wherein a second electrode (1, 2, 5) is arranged directly in the negative electrolyte circuit, and wherein the redox flow battery (11) comprises a control apparatus (16) which is designed such that it can detect a voltage difference between two electrodes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).

FLOW BATTERY

NºPublicación:  EP4562697A1 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
THE ULTIMATE BATTERY COMPANY LTD [GB]
The Ultimate Battery Company Ltd
CN_119948653_PA

Resumen de: WO2024023506A1

A flow battery includes a first conductive plate and a second conductive plate. Each of the first and second conductive plates has an undulating surface formed with a first plurality of undulations which extend along a first axis of the conductive plate, and a second plurality of undulations which extend along a second, perpendicular axis of the conductive plate. The first and second conductive plates are arranged to form a first cell of the flow battery in which the respective undulating surfaces of the first and second conductive plates provide a cathode and a corresponding anode of the first cell, and define opposing walls of an electrolyte flow channel between the first and second conductive plates.

Cooling system for fuel cell onboard a vehicle including auxiliary evaporative cooler

NºPublicación:  GB2635966A 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
ZEROAVIA LTD [GB]
ZeroAvia Ltd
GB_2635966_PA

Resumen de: GB2635966A

A cooling system for a fuel cell onboard a vehicle includes a coolant circuit and an auxiliary evaporative cooler. The coolant circuit is configured to circulate a coolant including a phase change material therethrough and through a portion of the fuel cell to absorb heat from the fuel cell. The auxiliary evaporative cooler includes a coolant channel in fluid communication with the coolant circuit, an airflow channel in fluid communication with an ambient environment, and a selectively permeable membrane that physically separates the coolant channel from the airflow channel and is selectively permeable to the phase change material. The auxiliary evaporative cooler is configured to evaporatively cool the coolant flowing through the coolant channel by promoting evaporation and transport of the phase change material from the coolant flowing through the coolant channel, through the selectively permeable membrane, and into an ambient airflow flowing through the airflow channel.

Cooling system for fuel cell onboard a vehicle including evaporative cooling device

NºPublicación:  GB2635967A 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
ZEROAVIA LTD [GB]
ZEROAVIA LTD
GB_2635967_PA

Resumen de: GB2635967A

A cooling system for a fuel cell onboard a vehicle includes a coolant circuit and an evaporative cooling device including an evaporation chamber and a thermally conductive conduit extending through the evaporation chamber. The coolant circuit is configured to circulate a coolant through the coolant circuit and through a portion of the fuel cell. The thermally conductive conduit has an inner surface that at least partially defines a coolant channel in fluid communication with the coolant circuit and an opposite outer surface exposed to an environment within the evaporation chamber. When a working fluid is applied to the outer surface of the thermally conductive conduit within the evaporation chamber, the evaporative cooling device is configured to evaporatively cool the coolant flowing through the coolant channel by promoting evaporation of the working fluid from the outer surface of the thermally conductive conduit.

MEDICAL DEVICE AND MEDICAL SYSTEM USING SAID MEDICAL DEVICE

NºPublicación:  EP4561664A1 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
DE ASMUNDIS CARLO [BE]
TALEVI GIACOMO [IT]
MALI ALVJA [IT]
De Asmundis, Carlo,
Talevi, Giacomo,
Mali, Alvja
AU_2023313092_PA

Resumen de: AU2023313092A1

The present invention relates to a medical device (1) comprising: a holder (2) that may be applied to the skin of a patient, a biofuel cell (3), a pump (4) configured for supplying blood to the biofuel cell (3), a sensor (5) configured to emit a signal representative of a blood parameter, a control unit (50) connected to the pump and the sensor, and a rechargeable battery (6) electrically connected to the biofuel cell (3). The control unit is configured to perform a recharging procedure comprising the following steps: processing the signal emitted by the sensor, estimating a value of the blood parameter of the patient, comparing said estimated value with a threshold value, and, based on said comparison, commanding the activation of the pump for delivering a predetermined amount of blood to the biofuel cell for generation electricity and recharging the battery.

STACK OF PLATES FOR A HUMIDIFIER AND HUMIDIFIER

NºPublicación:  EP4561738A2 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
MANN & HUMMEL GMBH [DE]
MANN+HUMMEL GmbH
DE_102022118939_PA

Resumen de: WO2024022798A2

The invention relates to a stack of plates (400) for a humidifier (100), in particular for a fuel cell system, having a plurality of first and second support plates (100, 200) alternately following one another in a stack direction (500). First and second groups of flow ducts (410, 420) are designed in the stack of plates (400), each of which is separated by selectively permeable membranes (110, 210). Two successive first (100) and second support plates (200) in the stack direction (500) are in each case connected to one another in a fluid-tight manner by a connecting portion (150,250) on at least two first sides (124,224) opposing one another transversely to the stack direction, while an inflow and/or outflow area is designed between the support plates (100, 200) on at least two of its second sides (122,222) opposing one another transversely to the stack direction in each case. The connecting portions (150,250) are each formed by a double bead (152,252) on one of the support plates (100,200) and a corresponding single bead (160,260) on the other support plate (100,200), which is accommodated at least in the double bead (152,252). Furthermore, the invention relates to a humidifier (1000) for a fuel cell system.

FUEL CELL

NºPublicación:  EP4562696A2 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
KAMAX HOLDING GMBH & CO KG [DE]
KAMAX Holding GmbH & Co. KG
KR_20250041012_PA

Resumen de: CN119630893A

The invention relates to a connecting device (1), in particular a screw or a screw, comprising an operating region (10), in particular a head, an elastic region (30) and a mounting region (50), the connecting device (1) extending in a longitudinal direction (L), the radial direction (R) being in particular perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (L), the elastic region (30) being located in the longitudinal direction (L) between the operating region (10) and the mounting region (50), wherein the mounting region (50) has a thread, in particular an internal thread, and wherein the elastic region (30) and/or the mounting region (50) are in particular hollow, and wherein the elastic region (30) has a rigidity reducing structure (34), in particular in the form of a recess and/or a passage, and/or wherein the elastic region (30) has a smaller elasticity than the mounting region (50) and/or than the operating region (10) due to its geometry, and/or wherein the elastic region has a decreasing spring characteristic.

BIPOLAR PLATE, BIPOLAR PLATE SYSTEM, END PLATE, AND FUEL CELL

NºPublicación:  EP4562695A2 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
KAMAX HOLDING GMBH & CO KG [DE]
KAMAX Holding GmbH & Co. KG
KR_20250041012_PA

Resumen de: CN119630893A

The invention relates to a connecting device (1), in particular a screw or a screw, comprising an operating region (10), in particular a head, an elastic region (30) and a mounting region (50), the connecting device (1) extending in a longitudinal direction (L), the radial direction (R) being in particular perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (L), the elastic region (30) being located in the longitudinal direction (L) between the operating region (10) and the mounting region (50), wherein the mounting region (50) has a thread, in particular an internal thread, and wherein the elastic region (30) and/or the mounting region (50) are in particular hollow, and wherein the elastic region (30) has a rigidity reducing structure (34), in particular in the form of a recess and/or a passage, and/or wherein the elastic region (30) has a smaller elasticity than the mounting region (50) and/or than the operating region (10) due to its geometry, and/or wherein the elastic region has a decreasing spring characteristic.

CONNECTING MEANS, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING A CONNECTING MEANS

NºPublicación:  EP4562313A1 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
KAMAX HOLDING GMBH & CO KG [DE]
KAMAX Holding GmbH & Co. KG
KR_20250041012_PA

Resumen de: CN119630893A

The invention relates to a connecting device (1), in particular a screw or a screw, comprising an operating region (10), in particular a head, an elastic region (30) and a mounting region (50), the connecting device (1) extending in a longitudinal direction (L), the radial direction (R) being in particular perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (L), the elastic region (30) being located in the longitudinal direction (L) between the operating region (10) and the mounting region (50), wherein the mounting region (50) has a thread, in particular an internal thread, and wherein the elastic region (30) and/or the mounting region (50) are in particular hollow, and wherein the elastic region (30) has a rigidity reducing structure (34), in particular in the form of a recess and/or a passage, and/or wherein the elastic region (30) has a smaller elasticity than the mounting region (50) and/or than the operating region (10) due to its geometry, and/or wherein the elastic region has a decreasing spring characteristic.

REDOX FLOW CONVERTER

NºPublicación:  EP4562699A2 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
SCHAEFFLER TECHNOLOGIES AG [DE]
Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG
CN_119213589_PA

Resumen de: CN119213589A

A redox flow converter (1) comprising a plurality of redox flow cells (3) arranged in the form of a cell stack (2), in which each redox flow cell (3) is formed by two half-cells (4, 5) separated from each other by a membrane (7), such that the height (H3) of each redox flow cell (3) is given by the height (H4, H5) of the half-cells (4, 5) of the redox flow cell, wherein there is a frame (6) surrounding the membrane (7), and wherein a shunt channel (19) is formed in the frame (6), said shunt channel being connected to the active regions (11) of the half-cells (4, 5) and to the electrodes (8). The height (H) of the shunt channel (19) exceeds the respective half-cell height (H4, H5), but is less than the height (H3) of each redox flow cell (3).

スルホン化ポリアリーレンスルホンポリマー(sP)の製造方法

NºPublicación:  JP2025517244A 04/06/2025
Solicitante: 
ビーエーエスエフソシエタス・ヨーロピア
JP_2025517244_A

Resumen de: US2025179250A1

The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of a sulfonated polyarylenesulfone polymer (sP), the sulfonated polyarylenesulfone polymer (sP) obtained by the inventive process, a membrane (M) comprising the sulfonated polyarylenesulfone polymer (sP), a process for the preparation of the membrane, and the use of the membrane (M) for the separation of gases from gas mixtures.

電気化学セルのためのプレートアセンブリ

NºPublicación:  JP2025517065A 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
シェフラーテクノロジーズアー・ゲーウントコー.カー・ゲー
JP_2025517065_PA

Resumen de: CN118985055A

The invention relates to a plate assembly (2) for an electrochemical cell (1), in particular a fuel cell, comprising a grid which is arranged in a sandwich manner between a first plate (5) lying in a base plane and a second plate (4) parallel to the first plate, said grid being designed as a metal plate mesh (3), the invention relates to a grid (3) having a plurality of nodes (6) and webs (10, 11) connecting the nodes (6), node rows (KR1, KR2) extending parallel to one another are formed in a top view of the grid (3), which node rows define a longitudinal direction (LR), all nodes (6) have a planar, bent shape comprising a bending line oriented transversely to the longitudinal direction (LR), and the longitudinal direction (LR) is defined by the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR), and the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR) of the longitudinal direction (LR). The bending line separates the two node sections (7, 8) from each other. In each case one node section (7) of the node sections is arranged at least approximately parallel to the plates (4, 5) at least in a part of the number of nodes of the nodes (6).

电堆堆叠用吸附装置及电堆堆叠设备

NºPublicación:  CN222939947U 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
未势能源科技有限公司
CN_222939947_U

Resumen de: CN222939947U

本实用新型提供了一种电堆堆叠用吸附装置及电堆堆叠设备,本实用新型的电堆堆叠用吸附装置包括连接座,以及设于连接座上的吸附组件,吸附组件包括用于吸附待吸附件中间部位的第一吸附件,用于吸附待吸附件端部的第二吸附件,以及能够伸缩调节的调节件;第一吸附件和第二吸附件均通过调节件设置在连接座上,调节件能够调整第一吸附件、第二吸附件与连接座之间的相对距离。本实用新型所述的电堆堆叠用吸附装置,可以在待吸附件表面不平时,仍能够顺利吸取待吸附件,而且应用在膜电极上料时,即使膜电极料框中的膜电极呈现中间高两边弯曲时,仍可顺利吸取膜电极,从而可有效解决膜电极上料频次多,堆叠节拍多的问题。

用于电堆治具的短堆工装及电堆治具

NºPublicación:  CN222939949U 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
氢沄(河南)新能源科技有限公司中洲国鑫(北京)科技有限公司
CN_222939949_U

Resumen de: CN222939949U

本公开提供一种用于电堆治具的短堆工装及电堆治具,短堆工装用于设置在电堆治具的承载板和移动底板之间,短堆工装包括支撑部、定位部以及传动部,支撑部支撑于承载板与移动底板之间,定位部和传动部设置在支撑部上,所述定位部用于限定所述支撑部与所述承载板和所述移动底板的相对位置,传动部用于在移动底板下方设置的下顶杆机构的顶升作用下驱动电堆治具的上顶杆机构上升。本公开提供的短堆工装的优势在于能够避免在进行压堆单电池数量较少的短堆时,出现压机压头对短边定位杆发生干涉的现象,此外还能减少短堆的单电池片数,降低短堆或彩虹堆的成本。

一种新型平板式固体氧化物电池电堆结构

NºPublicación:  CN222939950U 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
武汉华科福赛新能源有限责任公司
CN_222939950_U

Resumen de: CN222939950U

本实用新型涉及一种新型平板式固体氧化物电池电堆结构,包括电堆堆芯、第一气流腔壳和第二气流腔壳,电堆堆芯由多个电池重复单元从上至下依次堆叠而成;每个电池重复单元均包括金属连接体,金属连接体水平设置;第一气流腔壳和第二气流腔壳相对安装在金属连接体对应空气进气口和空气出气口的两边。本实用新型的有益效果是结构紧凑,设计合理,采用两个气流腔壳,同时在金属连接体和外流腔中的气流通道中合理设置,用合理的气体流道来引导气流,减小了气流腔壳密封长度和电堆整体体积,进而减少了原材料的耗费和简化了电堆的装配流程。

连接组件和燃料电池系统

NºPublicación:  CN222939940U 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
博世氢动力系统(重庆)有限公司
CN_222939940_U

Resumen de: CN222939940U

本申请涉及连接组件和燃料电池系统,连接组件在具有多电堆结构的燃料电池系统的冷却液回路和电堆冷却液接口之间进行连接,包括:与燃料电池系统的冷却液回路连通的冷却液入口和至少一个与电堆冷却液接口连通的冷却液出口;连接件,其限定出通向冷却液入口的第一通道和通向冷却液出口的至少一个第二通道;以及至少一个转接件,每个转接件在每个第二通道末端与连接件相配合以限定冷却液出口并与电堆冷却液接口相连接,每个转接件与电堆冷却液接口之间通过第一密封件进行径向密封连接,并且每个转接件与连接件之间通过第二密封件进行轴向密封连接。本申请通过将径向密封转变为轴向密封,降低了对零件公差的要求,减少了连接件与电堆之间的泄漏风险。

一种液流电池电解液容量再生的一体式平衡装置

NºPublicación:  CN222939945U 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
湖北振华化学股份有限公司
CN_222939945_U

Resumen de: CN222939945U

本实用新型涉及一种液流电池电解液容量再生的一体式平衡装置,所述装置包括带有外电路的电池组,所述电池组被分为正极腔室与负极腔室;所述正、负极腔室分别与正、负极储液部件循环连接;所述装置还包括再生储液部件和气液吸收部件,所述再生储液部件的出口与所述负极腔室的一个开口相连接,所述负极腔室的另一个开口与所述气液吸收部件的入口相连接。本实用新型的一体式平衡装置包括电池储能装置和电解液再平衡装置,二者共用一个电池组、输送泵以及管路,降低设备成本,减少占地面积;而且相比于普通的独立平衡装置中储能电池组的数量远大于再生电池组的情况,二者共用一个电池组,再生电池组的数量明显增加,显著提高电解液容量再生的效率。

一种复电堆氢燃料电池及用电设备

NºPublicación:  CN222939946U 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
浙江锋源氢能科技有限公司锋源氢能(广州)有限公司
CN_222939946_U

Resumen de: CN222939946U

本实用新型提供了一种复电堆氢燃料电池及用电设备,其包括:第一壳体及第二壳体,第一壳体包括第一框架及支撑板,支撑板上设有多个连接位点,第二壳体包括第二框架以及底板;第一裸堆及第二裸堆,二者分别设置于第一壳体内部及第二壳体内,且二者相互串联设置,第一裸堆包括第一进气端板以及第一盲端板,第一进气端板连接于支撑板,第一盲端板连接于第一框架;第二裸堆包括第二进气端板以及第二盲端板,第二进气端板连接于底板,第二盲端板连接于第二框架。本申请能够稳定连接不同尺寸的裸堆,大大提高了其适用范围,实现了对不同裸堆兼容可靠的连接保护,兼具使用灵活、结构设置合理、无需定制加工、生产成本低以及使用稳定性好等显著优势。

电堆壳体、电堆、燃料电池系统及车辆

NºPublicación:  CN222939951U 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
未势能源科技有限公司
CN_222939951_U

Resumen de: CN222939951U

本实用新型提供了一种电堆壳体、电堆、燃料电池系统及车辆,所述电堆壳体包括具有容腔的壳本体,壳本体的内壁上设有向容腔中部凸出的多个凸起,多个凸起之间限定出用于容置电堆堆芯的安装空间;多个凸起能够与电堆堆芯抵接,而限制电堆堆芯在壳本体内的位移,各凸起和电堆堆芯之间设有绝缘层。本实用新型所述的电堆壳体,通过多个凸起与电堆堆芯抵接,并限制电堆堆芯在壳本体内的位移,利于防止电堆堆芯出现变形的问题,并通过设置绝缘层,利于提高电堆堆芯和壳本体之间的绝缘效果,相较于单独设置多个限位杆的方案,可有效保证电堆堆芯和电堆壳体的爬电距离,利于保证绝缘性能,同时还利于减少零部件的数量,从而有助于提高生产效率。

防进水双层排尘阀及空气滤清器

NºPublicación:  CN222939942U 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
北京亿华通科技股份有限公司
CN_222939942_U

Resumen de: CN222939942U

本申请涉及燃料电池发动机技术领域,尤其是涉及一种防进水双层排尘阀及空气滤清器,包括:外壳体以及内壳体;其中,内壳体的至少部分结构设置于外壳体的内部;沿着排尘方向,外壳体形成有顺次设置的第一进气口以及第一排尘口,内壳体形成有顺次设置的第二进气口以及第二排尘口;第一进气口与第二进气口相连通,第一排尘口和第二排尘口相连通;沿着排尘方向,第二排尘口和第一排尘口顺次设置,以使得第二排尘口与第一排尘口之间形成有防护距离。本申请提供的防进水双层排尘阀具有内层和外层结构,内层可以正常排尘、排水,外层可以起到很好的隔水作用,解决了排尘阀进水的风险,更加安全、可靠。

一种燃料电池系统透氢电流的在线故障诊断方法及其系统

NºPublicación:  CN120089764A 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
武汉理工大学
CN_120089764_PA

Resumen de: CN120089764A

本发明涉及一种燃料电池系统透氢电流的在线故障诊断方法及其系统,在线故障诊断方法包括以下步骤:当燃料电池系统执行透氢电流的在线故障诊断程序时,经空压机出口流出的空气均从所述旁路管道进入燃料电池电堆的阴极入口;逐步减少入堆空气的质量流量,通过单片电压巡检器CVM监测当前的单片电压,记录对应的运行时间,绘制单片电压随运行时间的变化图;根据单片电压随运行时间的变化图,计算透氢电流;判断透氢电流是否超过安全值,确定是否需要对燃料电池系统进行停机维修。无需借助昂贵的电化学实验设备进行检测,也无需利用惰性气体,检测成本大幅度降低,可在实际车载情况下实现在线检测,应用起来十分便捷。

一种阴离子交换聚合物及其制备方法和阴离子交换膜

NºPublicación:  CN120082021A 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
惠州亿纬氢能有限公司
CN_120082021_PA

Resumen de: CN120082021A

本发明提供了一种阴离子交换聚合物及其制备方法和阴离子交换膜,所述阴离子交换聚合物包括链段I和/或链段II,所述链段I的结构式为#imgabs0#所述链段II的结构式为#imgabs1#其中,A为含氮杂环酮,Ar1为第一芳基结构单元,Ar2为第二芳基结构单元,M‑为三氟乙酸离子和/或对甲苯磺酸根离子。本发明所述阴离子交换聚合物对催化剂的毒害性较低,便显出优异的电化学性能。

一种多旋翼空冷氢燃料电池无人机

NºPublicación:  CN120089761A 03/06/2025
Solicitante: 
北京氢尔能源科技有限公司
CN_120089761_PA

Resumen de: CN120089761A

本发明涉及无人机技术领域,公开一种多旋翼空冷氢燃料电池无人机。针对传统无人机锂电池能量密度低、续航短,以及氢燃料电池应用中的系统复杂、散热难问题,创新设计空冷氢燃料电池系统。该系统含氢气供应、燃料电池堆、空气供应、热管理和电气控制单元,能精准调控供氢,高效转换能量,智能散热并实时监测。经长航时测绘、农业植保应用,大幅提升续航,应用前景良好。

一种碱性锌铁液流电池用多孔离子传导膜及其制备方法与应用

Nº publicación: CN120089769A 03/06/2025

Solicitante:

中国石油化工股份有限公司浙江大学

CN_120089769_PA

Resumen de: CN120089769A

本发明公开了一种碱性锌铁液流电池用多孔离子传导膜的制备方法及其产品和应用,制备方法包括:(1)将有机高分子树脂溶于有机溶剂A中得到铸膜液;(2)将二苯并18‑冠‑6醚与有机溶剂B混合均匀得到分散液,将分散液均匀涂抹于基底上,干燥后得到涂抹有二苯并18‑冠‑6醚的基底;(3)将步骤(1)制备的铸膜液均匀涂抹于步骤(2)制备的涂抹有二苯并18‑冠‑6醚的基底上,经浸没沉淀相转化法制备得到多孔离子传导膜。本发明制备得到的多孔离子传导膜的一侧复合有二苯并18‑冠‑6醚功能层,并且具有独特的孔径分布,以其作为隔膜组装得到的碱性锌铁液流电池兼具优异的库伦效率、电压效率、能量效率以及功率密度。

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