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Air supply and temperature regulation system of floating microalgae photobioreactor and application of air supply and temperature regulation system

Resumen de: CN120988812A

The invention relates to the technical field of microalgae culture, in particular to an air supply and temperature regulation system of a floating microalgae photobioreactor and application of the air supply and temperature regulation system, the air supply and temperature regulation system comprises a floating platform, a plurality of incubators are arranged in the floating platform, an air supply system is arranged among the incubators, and a driving mechanism is further arranged above the floating platform. According to the air supply and temperature regulation system of the floating microalgae photobioreactor and the application thereof, the air bag is inflated and deflated to drive overall floating and sinking, stability and reliability of floating and sinking actions are ensured by utilizing the characteristic of high corrosion resistance of the air bag, and an inserting rod in a limiting pipe drives a round rod to rotate through matching of a convex block and a spiral groove in the fixed-distance rising process; therefore, the three groups of limiting blocks are controlled to pop out in sequence, three different mechanical limiting points are formed, and the multi-stage accurate control of the immersion depth of the incubator is realized.

USE OF A MICROALGAE EXTRACT, ALONE OR IN COMBINATION, FOR IMPROVING COGNITIVE ABILITIES

Resumen de: US2025352593A1

The invention relates to the use of an extract of Phaeodactylum tricornutum alone or in combination with an extract chosen from a guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract, a ginseng (Panax ginseng) extract, a Ginkgo biloba extract, a Nelumbo nucifera extract, a Centella asiatica extract, a Piper nigrum extract, a Bacopa monnieri extract or any combination thereof and/or a compound chosen from arginine, creatine, caffeine, theanine, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B, theophylline, paraxanthine, theobromine, rosmarinic acid, ellagic acid, cinnamaldehyde or any combination thereof, for maintaining and/or increasing data processing speed and/or concentration in healthy mammals. The combination of the extract of P. tricornutum and one of these extracts or one of these compounds is also described. The invention also relates to a composition comprising the combination according to the invention.

Paint comprising microbial cells and water-based paint vehicle

Resumen de: US2025354021A1

This invention is an artist paint comprising a colorant and a water-based paint vehicle. The colorant comprises whole microalgal or cyanobacterial cells, which are grown under controlled light conditions comprising changes in light intensity or color for specified periods of time to produce the desired colorant. The water-based paint vehicle comprises a humectant, photostabilizers and preservatives, a buffer, and rheology modifiers. The paint is made by growing and harvesting the cells as the colorant followed by mixing with the water-based paint vehicle to create a paint suspension. The resulting suspension is allowed to dehydrate to form a moist cake. The cake is mixed with the water-based paint vehicle using a paint brush to create a second paint suspension that is then painted onto a surface. The resulting paint can be controlled to provide a uniform or a gritty texture.

CLOSED PHOTOBIOREACTOR SYSTEM

Resumen de: WO2025239861A1

The present invention relates to the bioreactors, more specifically, to a closed photobioreactor system, characterized in that said closed photobioreactor system comprises at least one LED (1) that supplies the light energy required for the microalgal photosynthesis, a pipeline (4) that delivers to the system the carbon dioxide (CO2) containing air bubbles coming from a pump (2), a separator (3) that enables the harvest and the collection of the microalgae, and a solar panel or wind turbine that is intended to supply the electric power for the system.

Preparation method of reed straw lixivium and application of reed straw lixivium in microalgae culture

Resumen de: CN120966638A

The invention relates to a preparation method of a reed straw leachate. The preparation method comprises the following steps: raw material pretreatment: crushing reed straws; soaking condition optimization: mixing and soaking the pretreated reed straws with water, and analyzing the influence of each factor on the concentration of the reducing sugar in the reed straw leachate under the treatment conditions of different soaking durations, straw particle sizes and solid-liquid ratios by taking the content of the reducing sugar as an evaluation index; after the single factor data is processed, each factor obtains a plurality of experimental levels, an L9 (33) orthogonal experimental method is adopted, an orthogonal experiment is carried out according to the selected experimental factors and experimental levels, and optimized soaking conditions are obtained; the pretreated reed straw and water are mixed and soaked according to optimized soaking conditions, and the leachate is obtained after filtration. The microalgae culture cost is reduced, agricultural waste resource utilization is achieved, and the method has application prospects and economic benefits in the fields of agricultural waste treatment and microalgae industrial culture.

Method for breeding microalgae organisms in breeding sewage

Resumen de: CN120966668A

The invention relates to the technical field of microalgae organism breeding, and discloses a method for breeding microalgae organisms in breeding sewage. Comprising a biological membrane microalgae reactor, a microalgae harvesting device, a sewage post-treatment device, a particulate matter sedimentation tank, an adjusting tank, an anaerobic sludge reactor, a secondary sedimentation tank, a raceway pond microalgae reactor, a first valve, a second valve, a third valve, a fourth valve and a fifth valve. The particulate matter settling pond is used for settling solid particles in the sewage, so that the sewage is suitable for fermentation or microalgae culture. According to the method for culturing the microalgae organisms in the culture sewage, a microalgae organism culture technology is implemented in the culture sewage, so that a large amount of high-COD, high-ammonia-nitrogen and high-suspended matters generated by culture in the sewage are treated by utilizing the microalgae organisms, high-efficiency and low-cost sustainable treatment of the sewage and culture wastes is realized, and meanwhile, sewage treatment measures are prepared; sewage treatment can be assisted at the same time, and the safety of the breeding environment is improved.

Microalgae-microorganism compound preparation for improving saline-alkali soil and application

Resumen de: CN120966700A

The invention belongs to the technical field of soil remediation, and relates to a microalgae-microorganism compound preparation for improving saline-alkali soil and application. The microalgae-microorganism compound preparation is prepared from spirulina, chlorella, nostoc, scenedesmus obliquus, bacillus mucilaginosus, bacillus mucilaginosus and pseudomonas. The microalgae-microorganism compound preparation for improving the saline-alkali soil can improve the available phosphorus content of the soil, increase the available potassium content of the soil and effectively improve the soil; soil bulk density is reduced, and soil hardening is improved; therefore, the fertilizer retention property of the soil is enhanced, the growth and development of crop roots are facilitated, the crop yield is remarkably improved, and the application prospect is wide.

Method for purifying mine gushing water

Resumen de: CN120964992A

The invention relates to a method for purifying mine gushing water. The method comprises the following steps: mixing filamentous microalgae and to-be-treated mine gushing water for purification treatment. According to the method, filamentous microalgae are adopted to purify the to-be-treated mine gushing water, extracellular polysaccharide secreted by the filamentous microalgae growing in the mine gushing water can adsorb suspended solids in the mine gushing water, and meanwhile, the filamentous microalgae grow in the mine gushing water to be bent and wound algae filaments can also remove the suspended solids in the mine gushing water; therefore, the purification effect of the mine gushing water is effectively improved. Moreover, compared with traditional inorganic flocculants and organic polymer flocculants, the filamentous microalgae adopted in the invention have no chemical residues, and have less pollution to the environment and less toxicity to the ecological environment.

Non-aerated activated carbon-bacteria-algae biological membrane system for grey water treatment

Resumen de: CN120964996A

The invention discloses a non-aerated activated carbon-bacteria-algae biological membrane system for grey water treatment, and belongs to the technical field of sewage treatment and recycling. The device comprises a reactor and a filler assembly, the reactor comprises a hollow reaction column, and grey water is input into the reaction column; the filler assembly comprises a plurality of suspended balls and an activated carbon filler, and the suspended balls are suspended in grey water of the reaction column; the suspended balls are filled with the activated carbon filler, the activated carbon filler is inoculated with microalgae, activated sludge for growth and reproduction of strains and specific bacteria, the activated carbon filler is acidified and modified flaky activated carbon, the microalgae can provide oxygen for growth and reproduction of the bacteria, and the specific bacteria can degrade a surfactant adsorbed by the activated carbon filler. External aeration oxygen supply is not needed, and biomass and oxygen loss caused by bubble disturbance is avoided.

Room-temperature preservation method and application of microalgae suspension

Resumen de: CN120966636A

The invention belongs to the technical field of microalgae preservation, and discloses a room-temperature preservation method of a microalgae suspension and application of the room-temperature preservation method. The preservation method comprises the following steps: placing a microalgae suspension in a closed container, adding a deoxidant and a bacterial bacteriostatic agent, and adjusting the pH value to 7.5-8.5 to obtain a microalgae preservation solution; and introducing nitrogen to carry out headspace replacement by utilizing a vacuumizing-inflating system so as to establish an anaerobic environment and reduce the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the microalgae preserving fluid, and preserving the microalgae at room temperature in a dark place. According to the method, the microalgae activity is maintained for a long time at room temperature, bacterial proliferation is effectively inhibited, the survival rate of the microalgae can reach 69% or above within 90 days, and economic and practical technical support is provided for large-scale application of the microalgae in the fields of food, feed, energy and the like.

Microalgae culture monitoring system capable of monitoring microalgae carbon fixation and carbon flow direction in real time

Resumen de: CN120966595A

The invention relates to a microalgae culture monitoring system capable of monitoring microalgae carbon fixation and carbon flow direction in real time. The microalgae culture monitoring system comprises a culture bottle, an air supply device, an air metering pump, a tail gas carbon dioxide fixation device and a marker detection device, the microalgae are cultured in the culture device; the air supply device is used for introducing air containing CO2 in a specific proportion into the culture solution in the culture bottle through the air metering pump; the tail gas carbon dioxide detection device is communicated with the culture device through a pipeline and is used for detecting CO2 released by the culture device; and the tail gas carbon dioxide fixing device is communicated with the atmosphere through an exhaust port. The system provided by the invention can be used for monitoring the supply amount and the discharge amount of CO2 in real time so as to obtain the real-time carbon sequestration condition of the microalgae, and the carbon flow direction in microalgae cells can be obtained by combining isotope 13C with instruments such as a Raman spectrometer, so that the growth and metabolism of the microalgae can be deeply researched, and convenience is provided for the research of the microalgae and the screening of high-quality target algae strains.

Anti-aging composition as well as preparation method and application thereof

Resumen de: CN120959412A

The invention discloses an anti-aging composition as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of functional foods. Comprising the following raw materials: 2 to 4% of sophora flower powder extract, 0.5 to 1.0% of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt, 10 to 16% of marine collagen peptide, 0.5 to 3.0% of microalgae mustard oil nanoparticles, 1 to 3% of fructo-oligosaccharide, 0.1 to 0.3% of a composite thickening agent, 2 to 5% of a natural sweetening agent, 0.2 to 0.6% of a natural acidulant, 0.05 to 0.2% of essence, 1.0 to 3.0% of lecithin, 0.2 to 1.0% of cholesterol, 0.5 to 1.0% of glycerin, and the balance of water. The sophora flower powder extract, the pyrroloquinoline quinine disodium salt and the like are adopted to prepare the nano-liposome, and the nano-liposome is combined with specific raw materials to prepare the composition, so that synergistic anti-aging of multiple active ingredients can be realized, the effective ingredients can be ensured not to be damaged in the stomach, the bioavailability is high, efficient targeted delivery can be realized, and the application prospect is wide. The dual-channel molecules synergistically and effectively resist inflammation and activate mitochondrial functions, so that an excellent systematic anti-aging effect is realized.

Carbon quantum dot for strengthening and promoting growth of microalgae and application of carbon quantum dot

Resumen de: CN120964777A

The invention relates to a carbon quantum dot for strengthening and promoting growth of microalgae and application thereof. In the process of preparing the carbon quantum dots by a conventional hydrothermal method, a precursor mixture is subjected to acidification modification in advance, the pH value is adjusted to 2 by using nitric acid, and then a hydrothermal reaction is performed, so that the prepared carbon quantum dots have the capability of promoting the growth of microalgae. However, if other acids are adopted or pH adjustment is not in place, the effect cannot be achieved, and even the inhibition effect can be achieved. The obtained product is good in effect and stable in performance, no special reaction device needs to be additionally arranged in the acidification modification process, and the method has the advantages that operation is easy and convenient, raw materials are easy to obtain, and the process can be quantified; the method is simple and convenient in process operation, has universality and is easy for industrial production.

Synchronous carbon sequestration and grey water purification device

Resumen de: CN120964995A

The invention discloses a synchronous carbon sequestration and grey water purification device, and belongs to the technical field of biological synergistic treatment of waste gas and grey water. The device comprises a purifier and a membrane wire assembly, the purifier comprises a barrel for inputting grey water, and an air inlet and an air outlet are formed in the upper end and the lower end of the barrel respectively; the membrane wire assembly comprises multiple strands of membrane wires and two fixing units, and the two ends of the multiple strands of membrane wires communicate with the air inlet and the air outlet through the fixing units correspondingly; the gas inlet can be used for inputting gas CO2 into the membrane filaments; microalgae for photosynthesis and bacteria for aerobic respiration are inoculated on the membrane filaments; the inoculum size of the microalgae is larger than that of the bacteria, and the microalgae can absorb gas CO2 which comes from an air inlet and is generated by breathing of the bacteria, fix the CO2 and generate oxygen. According to the invention, blowing oxygen supply for grey water is not needed, carbon dioxide is fixed, and emission of carbon dioxide gas is avoided.

Fucoidan composition and preparation method thereof

Resumen de: CN120938108A

The invention relates to a fucoidan composition and a preparation method thereof. The fucoidan composition comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 20-30% of nemacystus japonicus fucoidan, 20-30% of almacystus japonicus fucoidan, 20-30% of 25-35% of sporophyll carbohydrate gum of the undaria pinnatifida in the Tasmanni Australian sea area; 25-35% of fucus saccharide gum in the Australian Tasmanni subsea area; 5 to 10% of microalgae fucoidan; and 1-5% of microalgae fucoxanthin. According to the fucoidan composition disclosed by the invention, the effective inhibition rate of the prepared fucoidan composition on human colon cancer, human pancreatic cancer, human liver cancer, human prostatic cancer, human breast cancer or human lung cancer and the like reaches 89% or above through an optimized formula of multiple components.

Microalgae and methanotrophic bacteria isolated culture device

Resumen de: CN120944665A

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural waste high-value utilization, in particular to a microalgae and methanotrophic bacteria isolated culture device.The microalgae and methanotrophic bacteria isolated culture device comprises a first culture chamber, a second culture chamber, a semi-permeable membrane and a culture medium conveying mechanism, the first culture chamber is used for culturing microalgae, and the second culture chamber is used for culturing methanotrophic bacteria; the first culture chamber is provided with a first discharge hole; the second culture chamber and the first culture chamber form a nested structure, the second culture chamber is used for culturing methane nutrition bacteria, and the second culture chamber is provided with a second discharge port; the semi-permeable membrane is arranged between the first culture chamber and the second culture chamber and is used for separating the microalgae from the methanotrophic bacteria and allowing gas and liquid to circulate; the culture medium conveying mechanism is used for introducing biogas slurry and biogas into the first culture chamber and the second culture chamber, and the microalgae and methane nutrient bacterium separation culture device provided by the embodiment of the invention can realize effective exchange and cyclic utilization of substances while ensuring that two microorganisms obtain respective suitable growth environments.

Adaptive chlorella domesticated by fish meal processing wastewater, domestication method and application

Resumen de: CN120944796A

The invention discloses adaptive chlorella domesticated by fish meal processing wastewater, a domestication method and application, and belongs to the technical field of microalgae culture and wastewater treatment. The method comprises the following specific steps: 1) inoculating wild chlorella into fish meal processing wastewater, and carrying out first tolerance culture for at least two months to obtain a domesticated chlorella solution; and 2) inoculating the domesticated chlorella solution into a sterilized mixed domesticated culture medium, and carrying out second tolerance culture for 6-10 days to obtain the adaptive chlorella. The mixed domestication culture medium comprises fish meal processing wastewater and an N8 culture medium, wherein the volume ratio of the fish meal processing wastewater to the N8 culture medium is (6-14): 6. According to the method, the chlorella strain capable of tolerating high-concentration phosphate and ammonium salt is successfully domesticated, resource utilization of fish meal processing wastewater is realized, meanwhile, the microalgae culture cost is reduced, and the method has dual benefits of environmental protection and economy.

Photobioreactor

Resumen de: CN223547990U

The utility model discloses a photobioreactor, which relates to the technical field of reactors and comprises a support plate, a reaction container is fixed at the upper end of the support plate, an L-shaped support plate is fixed on the upper end face of the support plate and positioned on one side of the reaction container, one end of a horizontal section of the L-shaped support plate is connected with a connecting ring, and a U-shaped rod is fixed on the upper end face of the connecting ring. An annular lamp strip is fixed to the lower end face of the connecting ring, an electromagnetic valve is installed on the top of the side wall of the air supplementing pipe, and one end of the electromagnetic valve is connected with a connecting hose. According to the device, carbon dioxide is supplemented into the reaction container through the air supplementing pipe, favorable conditions are provided for photosynthesis of algae, the air supplementing pipe and the turning plate can be driven to move up and down through stretching and retracting of the telescopic air cylinder, a nutrient solution is stirred through the turning plate, nutrient substances are evenly distributed, and the utilization rate of the nutrient solution is improved. Therefore, the growth rate and the biomass yield of the microalgae are ensured.

Functional living body material prepared by adopting photosynthetic microcarrier and preparation method of functional living body material

Resumen de: CN120944745A

The invention provides a functional living body material prepared by adopting a photosynthetic microcarrier and a preparation method of the functional living body material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: respectively preparing first microbial microspheres encapsulated with microalgae and second microbial microspheres encapsulated with filamentous fungi by adopting a droplet microfluidic mode; after the first microbial microspheres and the second microbial microspheres are mixed to form a composite microcarrier, a functional living body material with a specific shape is constructed in a 3D printing mode, and the functional living body material is placed under a culture environment condition to be cultured. The microalgae as a photosynthetic active core can continuously perform photosynthesis under a suitable environmental condition, and the filamentous fungi enhance the stability of the microalgae through a supporting effect, so that the structural strength and long-term operability of the composite material are improved. Through the combination of the photosynthetic microcarriers, the functionality and operability of the material can be effectively improved.

AN AIR POLLUTION-REDUCING ALGAE PANEL MECHANISM INTEGRATED INTO A BUILDING FAÇADE

Resumen de: WO2025233717A1

An algae-based air pollution reduction mechanism integrated into a building façade comprises photobioreactor panels (20) containing microalgae to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2), produce biomass, and release oxygen (O2). An air suction mechanism (10) captures polluted air and directs it to a central laboratory (50), where CO2 is separated and supplied to the panels. A gray water collection system stores and mixes gray water with algal powder for the panels. A panel rotation mechanism (40) optimizes solar absorption, while a degassing unit extracts and releases O2. Sensors monitor pollution levels, activating the air suction mechanism (10) when pollutants exceed a threshold, facilitating CO2 conversion into biomass and O2 through the photobioreactor panels (20).

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PURIFYING WATER BODY BY MEANS OF COUPLED DENITRIFICATION WITH PLANTS, BACTERIA AND ALGAE

Resumen de: WO2025232122A1

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of water body denitrification and ecological restoration. Disclosed are a system and method for purifying a water body by means of coupled denitrification with plants, bacteria and algae. The system comprises a water intake pipe (1), a microalgae growth tank (2), an algae-bacteria solution tank (6), an influent plant tank (8), a main reaction tank and an effluent tank (14) which are sequentially connected, wherein the influent plant tank (8), the main reaction tank and the effluent tank (14) are each independently equipped with plants (9) containing denitrifying bacteria; the main reaction tank comprises a deoxygenation tank (10), a facultative anaerobic tank (11) and an anoxic tank (12) which are sequentially connected; and the main reaction tank is further provided with a bacteria solution return pipe (13), and the bacteria solution return pipe (13) is connected to an inlet of the algae-bacteria solution tank (6). In the system and method, a carbon source can be naturally and continuously supplied; and the system and method operate with stability and high reliability, and has strong resistance to shock loads.

Engineered microalgae, preparation method and application of engineered microalgae in repairing intervertebral disc

Resumen de: CN120919178A

The invention relates to the technical field of intervertebral disc treatment, in particular to engineered microalgae, a preparation method and application of the engineered microalgae in intervertebral disc repairing, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing and sintering vanadium powder, aluminum powder and carbon powder according to a stoichiometric ratio to obtain a V4AlC3 precursor, selectively etching the V4AlC3 precursor through hydrofluoric acid, and then adopting TPAOH intercalation stripping to obtain a single-layer V4C3 nanosheet; carrying out centrifugal purification to obtain surface modified V4C3-CS nanospheres; the V4C3-CS nanosphere dispersion liquid and the spirulina suspension liquid are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 1, and the mixture is loaded on the surface of the microalgae through the electrostatic adsorption effect; salmon sperm DNA is used as a raw material and is crosslinked with PEGDA under an alkaline condition to form a three-dimensional network structure; the preparation method comprises the following steps of: infiltrating SP and V4C3 dispersion liquid into DNA hydrogel to form a composite material with an antioxidant function, efficiently removing ROS (reactive oxygen species) in the intervertebral disc through enzyme-like catalytic activity of V4C3MXene nanosheets, and simultaneously, synergistically inhibiting inflammatory factors by utilizing a chitosan modification layer and microalgae natural components

Method for promoting rapid granulation of sludge and removing estrogen based on double-phycomycete system

Resumen de: CN120923016A

The invention discloses a method for promoting rapid granulation of sludge and removing estrogen based on a double-phycomycete system, and belongs to the technical field of water pollution, and the method comprises the following steps: establishing the double-phycomycete system; the method comprises the following steps: modifying an electrode of a cathode chamber/anode chamber in a double-phycomycete system, adopting a MoS2 photosensitive layer modified carbon cloth material as a cathode, adopting a Fe3O4 modified carbon felt material directionally assembled by magnetic response as an anode, and performing periodic illumination on the cathode chamber/anode chamber to improve the granulation speed of activated sludge in sewage and the removal rate of estrogen; according to the invention, oxygen-producing green algae can be cultured in the cathode chamber and microalgae/activated sludge can be enriched in the anode chamber to form the photosensitive microbial fuel cell through the establishment of a double-phycomycete system; meanwhile, oxygen-producing green algae liquid cultured in the cathode chamber is added into the anode chamber, symbiotic coupling of bacteria and algae in the anode chamber is achieved, bacteria-algae granular sludge is formed, the double-bacteria-algae system can promote sludge granulation under the conditions of micro current and illumination, and the granulation time is greatly shortened; meanwhile, a microenvironment for accelerating degradation of es

Microalgae culture device

Resumen de: CN223522545U

The utility model relates to the technical field of microalgae culture, in particular to a microalgae culture device. The microalgae culture device comprises a culture frame and a control box, the culture frame is provided with a plurality of culture layers, and each culture layer is provided with a culture assembly. Each culture layer is provided with a light source assembly, and the light source assemblies are located above the culture assemblies and electrically connected with the control box. An algae liquid detection part is arranged in the culture assembly, is connected with the control box and is used for detecting the microalgae growth state and the light environment in the culture assembly. According to the microalgae culture device provided by the utility model, the light source assembly can output optimal growth illumination for culturing microalgae, so that different illumination requirements of the microalgae in each growth stage are met, and the growth of the microalgae is promoted. Meanwhile, the microalgae culture process is controlled by the control box according to detection data of the microalgae liquid detection piece, manual intervention is not needed, and the reliability and stability of illumination adjustment are effectively improved.

Pollution-free continuous culture system for micrococcus

Nº publicación: CN223522558U 07/11/2025

Solicitante:

ZHONGFA GUOXIN SHANGHAI AGRICULTURAL TECH DEVELOPMENT CO LTD
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Resumen de: CN223522558U

The utility model discloses a pollution-free continuous culture system for micrococcus, which comprises a culture container, the culture container is communicated with a water return pipe, a gas supply system is arranged near the joint of the water return pipe and the culture container, the gas supply system is communicated with the water return pipe, the bottom of the culture container is provided with a connecting pipe, and the connecting pipe is communicated with the water return pipe. A switch valve is arranged on the connecting pipe, the other tail end of the connecting pipe is connected with a nutrition circulating system, and the nutrition circulating system is connected with the top of the culture container. The gas device and the recovery pipe are mounted on the outer side of the culture main body, so that internal and external circulation of nannochlorella and culture solution is realized, nutrient substances, gas and light are uniformly distributed, after microalgae are cultured for a certain time, the culture solution is subjected to impurity removal and sterilization treatment and then returns to a culture container again, antibiotics are not added in the whole process, and pollution is avoided; no tail water is discharged, the operation is simple, and large-scale production is easy.